• Dockerfile文件详细教程


    写在前面

    Dockerfile是用来构建镜像的,他实际上就是把在linux下的命令操作写到了Dockerfile中,通过Dockerfile去执行设置好的操作命令,保证通过Dockerfile的构建镜像是一致的。

    实战分析

    该例子来自于 chromium 项目
    主要干的事情:

    1. 来指定用哪个镜像;
    2. 安装一些编译需要的环境:C++编译环境,Java环境等
    # This Dockerfile specifies the recipe for creating an image for the tests
    # to run in.
    #
    # We install as many test dependencies here as we can, because these setup
    # steps can be cached.  They do *not* run every time we run the build.
    # The Docker image is only rebuilt when the Dockerfile (ie. this file)
    # changes.
    
    # 指定了使用什么镜像 debian
    # Base Dockerfile for gRPC dev images
    FROM debian:latest
    
    # 添加软件源
    # Apt source for old Python versions.
    RUN echo 'deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/fkrull/deadsnakes/ubuntu trusty main' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/deadsnakes.list && \
      apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys DB82666C
    
    # Apt source for Oracle Java.
    RUN echo 'deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/webupd8team/java/ubuntu trusty main' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/webupd8team-java-trusty.list && \
      apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys EEA14886 && \
      echo "oracle-java7-installer shared/accepted-oracle-license-v1-1 select true" | debconf-set-selections
    
    # Apt source for Mono
    RUN echo "deb http://download.mono-project.com/repo/debian wheezy main" | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mono-xamarin.list && \
      echo "deb http://download.mono-project.com/repo/debian wheezy-libjpeg62-compat main" | tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mono-xamarin.list && \
      apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 3FA7E0328081BFF6A14DA29AA6A19B38D3D831EF
    
    # Apt source for php
    RUN echo "deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/ondrej/php/ubuntu trusty main" | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/various-php.list && \
      apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys F4FCBB07
    
    # Install dotnet SDK based on https://www.microsoft.com/net/core#debian
    # (Ubuntu instructions need apt to support https)
    RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --force-yes curl libunwind8 gettext && \
      curl -sSL -o dotnet.tar.gz https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=847105 &&  \
      mkdir -p /opt/dotnet && tar zxf dotnet.tar.gz -C /opt/dotnet && \
      ln -s /opt/dotnet/dotnet /usr/local/bin
    
    # Install dependencies.  We start with the basic ones require to build protoc
    # and the C++ build
    RUN apt-get clean && apt-get update && apt-get install -y --force-yes \
      autoconf \
      autotools-dev \
      build-essential \
      bzip2 \
      ccache \
      curl \
      gcc \
      git \
      libc6 \
      libc6-dbg \
      libc6-dev \
      libgtest-dev \
      libtool \
      make \
      parallel \
      time \
      wget \
      # -- For csharp --
      mono-devel \
      referenceassemblies-pcl \
      nunit \
      # -- For all Java builds -- \
      maven \
      # -- For java_jdk6 -- \
      #   oops! not in jessie. too old? openjdk-6-jdk \
      # -- For java_jdk7 -- \
      openjdk-7-jdk \
      # -- For java_oracle7 -- \
      oracle-java7-installer \
      # -- For python / python_cpp -- \
      python-setuptools \
      python-pip \
      python-dev \
      python2.6-dev \
      python3.3-dev \
      python3.4-dev \
      # -- For Ruby --
      ruby \
      # -- For C++ benchmarks --
      cmake \
      # -- For PHP --
      php5.6     \
      php5.6-dev \
      php5.6-xml \
      php7.0     \
      php7.0-dev \
      php7.0-xml \
      phpunit    \
      valgrind   \
      libxml2-dev \
      && apt-get clean
    
    ##################
    # C# dependencies
    
    RUN wget www.nuget.org/NuGet.exe -O /usr/local/bin/nuget.exe
    
    ##################
    # Python dependencies
    
    # These packages exist in apt-get, but their versions are too old, so we have
    # to get updates from pip.
    
    RUN pip install pip --upgrade
    RUN pip install virtualenv tox yattag
    
    ##################
    # Ruby dependencies
    
    # Install rvm
    RUN gpg --keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net --recv-keys 409B6B1796C275462A1703113804BB82D39DC0E3
    RUN \curl -sSL https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable
    
    # Install Ruby 2.1, Ruby 2.2 and JRuby 1.7
    RUN /bin/bash -l -c "rvm install ruby-2.1"
    RUN /bin/bash -l -c "rvm install ruby-2.2"
    RUN /bin/bash -l -c "rvm install jruby-1.7"
    RUN /bin/bash -l -c "echo 'gem: --no-ri --no-rdoc' > ~/.gemrc"
    RUN /bin/bash -l -c "echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/rvm/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.bashrc"
    RUN /bin/bash -l -c "gem install bundler --no-ri --no-rdoc"
    
    ##################
    # Java dependencies
    
    # This step requires compiling protoc. :(
    
    ENV MAVEN_REPO /var/maven_local_repository
    ENV MVN mvn --batch-mode
    
    RUN cd /tmp && \
      git clone https://github.com/google/protobuf.git && \
      cd protobuf && \
      git reset --hard 129a6e2aca95dcfb6c3e717d7b9cca1f104fde39 && \
      ./autogen.sh && \
      ./configure && \
      make -j4 && \
      cd java && \
      $MVN install dependency:go-offline -Dmaven.repo.local=$MAVEN_REPO && \
      cd ../javanano && \
      $MVN install dependency:go-offline -Dmaven.repo.local=$MAVEN_REPO
    
    ##################
    # PHP dependencies.
    RUN wget http://am1.php.net/get/php-5.5.38.tar.bz2/from/this/mirror
    RUN mv mirror php-5.5.38.tar.bz2
    RUN tar -xvf php-5.5.38.tar.bz2
    RUN cd php-5.5.38 && ./configure --enable-maintainer-zts --prefix=/usr/local/php-5.5-zts && \
        make && make install && cd ..
    RUN cd php-5.5.38 && make clean && ./configure --enable-bcmath --prefix=/usr/local/php-5.5 && \
        make && make install && cd ..
    
    RUN wget http://am1.php.net/get/php-5.6.30.tar.bz2/from/this/mirror
    RUN mv mirror php-5.6.30.tar.bz2
    RUN tar -xvf php-5.6.30.tar.bz2
    RUN cd php-5.6.30 && ./configure --enable-maintainer-zts --prefix=/usr/local/php-5.6-zts && \
        make && make install && cd ..
    RUN cd php-5.6.30 && make clean && ./configure --enable-bcmath --prefix=/usr/local/php-5.6 && \
        make && make install && cd ..
    
    RUN wget http://am1.php.net/get/php-7.0.18.tar.bz2/from/this/mirror
    RUN mv mirror php-7.0.18.tar.bz2
    RUN tar -xvf php-7.0.18.tar.bz2
    RUN cd php-7.0.18 && ./configure --enable-maintainer-zts --prefix=/usr/local/php-7.0-zts && \
        make && make install && cd ..
    RUN cd php-7.0.18 && make clean && ./configure --enable-bcmath --prefix=/usr/local/php-7.0 && \
        make && make install && cd ..
    
    RUN wget http://am1.php.net/get/php-7.1.4.tar.bz2/from/this/mirror
    RUN mv mirror php-7.1.4.tar.bz2
    RUN tar -xvf php-7.1.4.tar.bz2
    RUN cd php-7.1.4 && ./configure --enable-maintainer-zts --prefix=/usr/local/php-7.1-zts && \
        make && make install && cd ..
    RUN cd php-7.1.4 && make clean && ./configure --enable-bcmath --prefix=/usr/local/php-7.1 && \
        make && make install && cd ..
    
    RUN php -r "copy('https://getcomposer.org/installer', 'composer-setup.php');"
    RUN php composer-setup.php
    RUN mv composer.phar /usr/bin/composer
    RUN php -r "unlink('composer-setup.php');"
    RUN composer config -g -- disable-tls true
    RUN composer config -g -- secure-http false
    RUN cd /tmp && \
      rm -rf protobuf && \
      git clone https://github.com/google/protobuf.git && \
      cd protobuf && \
      git reset --hard 49b44bff2b6257a119f9c6a342d6151c736586b8 && \
      cd php && \
      ln -sfn /usr/local/php-5.5/bin/php /usr/bin/php && \
      ln -sfn /usr/local/php-5.5/bin/php-config /usr/bin/php-config && \
      ln -sfn /usr/local/php-5.5/bin/phpize /usr/bin/phpize && \
      composer install && \
      mv vendor /usr/local/vendor-5.5 && \
      ln -sfn /usr/local/php-5.6/bin/php /usr/bin/php && \
      ln -sfn /usr/local/php-5.6/bin/php-config /usr/bin/php-config && \
      ln -sfn /usr/local/php-5.6/bin/phpize /usr/bin/phpize && \
      composer install && \
      mv vendor /usr/local/vendor-5.6 && \
      ln -sfn /usr/local/php-7.0/bin/php /usr/bin/php && \
      ln -sfn /usr/local/php-7.0/bin/php-config /usr/bin/php-config && \
      ln -sfn /usr/local/php-7.0/bin/phpize /usr/bin/phpize && \
      composer install && \
      mv vendor /usr/local/vendor-7.0 && \
      ln -sfn /usr/local/php-7.1/bin/php /usr/bin/php && \
      ln -sfn /usr/local/php-7.1/bin/php-config /usr/bin/php-config && \
      ln -sfn /usr/local/php-7.1/bin/phpize /usr/bin/phpize && \
      composer install && \
      mv vendor /usr/local/vendor-7.1
    
    ##################
    # Go dependencies.
    RUN apt-get install -y  \
      # -- For go -- \
      golang
    
    ##################
    # Javascript dependencies.
    RUN apt-get install -y \
      # -- For javascript -- \
      npm
    
    ##################
    # Python 3.5 3.6 dependencies.
    RUN apt-get clean && apt-get update && apt-get install -y --force-yes \
      python3.5-dev \
      python3.6-dev \
      && apt-get clean
    
    # On Debian/Ubuntu, nodejs binary is named 'nodejs' because the name 'node'
    # is taken by another legacy binary. We don't have that legacy binary and
    # npm expects the binary to be named 'node', so we just create a symbol
    # link here.
    RUN ln -s `which nodejs` /usr/bin/node
    
    ##################
    # Prepare ccache
    
    RUN ln -s /usr/bin/ccache /usr/local/bin/gcc
    RUN ln -s /usr/bin/ccache /usr/local/bin/g++
    RUN ln -s /usr/bin/ccache /usr/local/bin/cc
    RUN ln -s /usr/bin/ccache /usr/local/bin/c++
    RUN ln -s /usr/bin/ccache /usr/local/bin/clang
    RUN ln -s /usr/bin/ccache /usr/local/bin/clang++
    
    # Define the default command.
    CMD ["bash"]
    
    
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    常见命令解释

    FROM 指定镜像源

    FROM ubuntu
    
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    # Base Dockerfile for gRPC dev images
    FROM debian:latest
    
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    网站:http://hub.docker.com
    FROM命令是用来指定你需要用哪个镜像作为基础镜像进行构建,一般来说Dockerfile的第一行都会先指定一个镜像,官方仓库中有很多镜像,可以通过http://hub.docker.com进行搜索,建议尽量使用官方镜像作为基础镜像,因为官方镜像都是精简过的稳定版。

    RUN 执行linux命令

    比如我们需要安装vim
    写法1:

    RUN apt-get update -y
    RUN apt-get install -y vim
    
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    RUN是用来执行linux命令的指令,例如ubuntu系统下,需要更新软件包list,就需要执行apt-get update,之后会跟着执行apt-get install
    写法2:

    RUN apt-get update -y \
        && apt-get install -y vim
    
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    参考例子:

    # Apt source for old Python versions.
    RUN echo 'deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/fkrull/deadsnakes/ubuntu trusty main' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/deadsnakes.list && \
      apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys DB82666C
    
    # Apt source for Oracle Java.
    RUN echo 'deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/webupd8team/java/ubuntu trusty main' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/webupd8team-java-trusty.list && \
      apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys EEA14886 && \
      echo "oracle-java7-installer shared/accepted-oracle-license-v1-1 select true" | debconf-set-selections
    
    # Apt source for Mono
    RUN echo "deb http://download.mono-project.com/repo/debian wheezy main" | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mono-xamarin.list && \
      echo "deb http://download.mono-project.com/repo/debian wheezy-libjpeg62-compat main" | tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mono-xamarin.list && \
      apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 3FA7E0328081BFF6A14DA29AA6A19B38D3D831EF
    
    # Apt source for php
    RUN echo "deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/ondrej/php/ubuntu trusty main" | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/various-php.list && \
      apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys F4FCBB07
    
    # Install dotnet SDK based on https://www.microsoft.com/net/core#debian
    # (Ubuntu instructions need apt to support https)
    RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --force-yes curl libunwind8 gettext && \
      curl -sSL -o dotnet.tar.gz https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=847105 &&  \
      mkdir -p /opt/dotnet && tar zxf dotnet.tar.gz -C /opt/dotnet && \
      ln -s /opt/dotnet/dotnet /usr/local/bin
    
    # Install dependencies.  We start with the basic ones require to build protoc
    # and the C++ build
    RUN apt-get clean && apt-get update && apt-get install -y --force-yes \
      autoconf \
      autotools-dev \
      build-essential \
      bzip2 \
      ccache \
      curl \
      gcc \
      git \
      libc6 \
      libc6-dbg \
      libc6-dev \
      libgtest-dev \
      libtool \
      make \
      parallel \
      time \
      wget \
      # -- For csharp --
      mono-devel \
      referenceassemblies-pcl \
      nunit \
      # -- For all Java builds -- \
      maven \
      # -- For java_jdk6 -- \
      #   oops! not in jessie. too old? openjdk-6-jdk \
      # -- For java_jdk7 -- \
      openjdk-7-jdk \
      # -- For java_oracle7 -- \
      oracle-java7-installer \
      # -- For python / python_cpp -- \
      python-setuptools \
      python-pip \
      python-dev \
      python2.6-dev \
      python3.3-dev \
      python3.4-dev \
      # -- For Ruby --
      ruby \
      # -- For C++ benchmarks --
      cmake \
      # -- For PHP --
      php5.6     \
      php5.6-dev \
      php5.6-xml \
      php7.0     \
      php7.0-dev \
      php7.0-xml \
      phpunit    \
      valgrind   \
      libxml2-dev \
      && apt-get clean
      
    ##################
    # C# dependencies
    
    RUN wget www.nuget.org/NuGet.exe -O /usr/local/bin/nuget.exe
    
    ##################
    # Python dependencies
    
    # These packages exist in apt-get, but their versions are too old, so we have
    # to get updates from pip.
    
    RUN pip install pip --upgrade
    RUN pip install virtualenv tox yattag
    
    ##################
    # Ruby dependencies
    
    # Install rvm
    RUN gpg --keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net --recv-keys 409B6B1796C275462A1703113804BB82D39DC0E3
    RUN \curl -sSL https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable
    
    # Install Ruby 2.1, Ruby 2.2 and JRuby 1.7
    RUN /bin/bash -l -c "rvm install ruby-2.1"
    RUN /bin/bash -l -c "rvm install ruby-2.2"
    RUN /bin/bash -l -c "rvm install jruby-1.7"
    RUN /bin/bash -l -c "echo 'gem: --no-ri --no-rdoc' > ~/.gemrc"
    RUN /bin/bash -l -c "echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/rvm/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.bashrc"
    RUN /bin/bash -l -c "gem install bundler --no-ri --no-rdoc"
    
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    USER 指定当前用户

    USER root
    
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    USER username
    
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    EXPOSE 暴露端口

    声明端口,作用是帮助镜像使用者理解这个镜像服务的守护端口,以方便配置映射。在运行时使用随机端口映射时,也就是 docker run -P时,会自动随机映射EXPOSE的端口。

    EXPOSE <端口1> [<端口2>...]
    
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    在 Dockerfile 中写入这样的声明有两个好处:

    1. 一个是帮助镜像使用者理解这个镜像服务的守护端口,以方便配置映射;
    2. 另一个用处则是在运行时使用随机端口映射时,也就是 docker run -P 时,会自动随机映射 EXPOSE 的端口。
      例子:
    EXPOSE 端口号
    EXPOSE 端口号/协议
    
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    默认协议是 TCP

    EXPOSE 80/tcp
    EXPOSE 80/udp
    
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    FROM nginx
    EXPOSE 80
    
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    在docker-compose中

    通常在docker-compose中,会通过ports来映射并暴露端口,docker-compose用法如下:

    ports:
        - "8001:80"
    
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  • 原文地址:https://blog.csdn.net/p309654858/article/details/134069987