接口测试——接口协议抓包分析与mock_L3

目录：

弱网测试
1. 什么是弱网测试？
2. 使用 Charles 完成弱网测试
3. 具体操作：
mock的价值与意义
1. Mock 测试的场景
2. Mock 测试的价值与意义
3. Mock 核心要素
mock实战练习
1. Rewrite 原理
2. Map Local 原理
3. Map Remote 原理
使用curl发送请求
1. 使用 Chrome 开发者工具分析网络请求
2. HTTP 协议组成
3. copy as curl的作用
4. 客户端模拟请求工具
5. curl 常见用法
6. 重要参数
7. 基本参数
8. 常用命令
9. 练习
tcpdump与wireshark的使用
1. 协议分析工具
2. tcpdump
3. WireShark
4. 抓取访问百度的数据包
5. 三次握手与四次挥手

1.弱网测试

什么是弱网测试？

按照移动的特性，一般应用低于 3G、弱信号的 Wifi 可以划分为弱网
弱网测试是健壮性测试的重要部分，对移动端测试必不可少
弱网测试主要进行弱网状态下的功能测试，同时关注用户体验

使用 Charles 完成弱网测试

带宽
丢包
延迟

具体操作：

1.打开MuMu模拟器

2.打开Charles

3.查看ip地址

点击以下按钮

弹出ip界面

4.打开MuMu模拟器的设置

5.打开wifi

6.点击修改网络

7.设置手动代理，填写上边Charlse的ip地址和端口号，点击保存

8.此时配置完后，charles会弹出提示框，点击allow,现在可以抓到mumu模拟器的包了

9.设置弱网：

点击Throttle Settings

模拟3G网络

刷新一下mumu模拟器浏览的网页，可以明显看到网速变慢了，如果3G不合适调试更弱的网试一试

2.mock的价值与意义

Mock 测试的场景

前后端数据交互
第三方系统数据交互
硬件设备解耦

Mock 测试的价值与意义

不依赖第三方数据
节省工作量
节省联调

Mock 核心要素

匹配规则
模拟响应

3.mock实战练习

Rewrite 原理

Rewrite 实战

场景
- 修改雪球行情页面的股票名称
设置方法
- Tools -> Rewrite
- 勾选 Enable Rewrite
- 点击下方 Add 按钮新建一个重写的规则
- 在右侧编辑重写规则
- 点击 ok 生效

具体操作：

让charles能够抓到mumu模拟器的包：具体看上边弱网测试的操作

打开雪球App

点击行情

在charles中，点击快捷键 ctrl+f ,输入恒为科技，点击find

双击查看响应：

验证响应结果是否正确：

点击tools,点击rewrite

点击ok

刷新mumu模拟器：

Map Local 原理

场景
- 修改雪球行情页面的股票名称
操作
- 准备本地接口响应数据
- 配置 Map Local
  - 选择要进行 Map Local 的接口
  - 鼠标右键 – 选择 Map Local 选项进入设置界面
  - Map From 填写接口的信息
  - Map To 选择本地文件
- 修改 Map Local 配置：Tools – Map Local

保存响应：

打开看一下响应：

整理响应格式，修改响应内容：恒为科技改为百度666，保存文件

点击MapLocal:

配置maplocal

刷新mumu模拟器：

Map Remote 原理

Map Remote 实战

场景
- 访问百度，转发至豆瓣
- 访问开发环境，转发至测试环境
  - 前端：http://stuq.ceshiren.com:8081/#/mapLocal
  - 开发环境接口：http://stuq.ceshiren.com:8089/report/showMapLocal
  - 测试环境接口：http://stuq.ceshiren.com:9098/report/showMapLocal
操作
- 选择接口，点击鼠标右键，选择 Map Remote 进入到设置页面
- 设置重定向的接口信息
- 点击 ok 生效
- 修改设置：Tools – Map Remote 找对对应接口双击进入修改界面

4.使用curl发送请求

使用 Chrome 开发者工具分析网络请求

HTTP 协议组成

target：url protocol host port
request
- request：get、post、put、delete、head
- header: host cookie user-agent
- get query
- post body：json xml form
response:
- status line
- header
- body

copy as curl功能

copy as curl的作用

把浏览器发送的请求真实的还原出来
附带了认证信息，所以可以脱离浏览器执行
可以方便开发者重放请求、修改参数调试，编写脚本

客户端模拟请求工具

nc：tcp/udp 协议发送
curl：最常使用的 http 请求工具
postman：综合性的 http 协议测试工具
代理工具、IDE 工具、浏览器插件工具

curl 常见用法

url=http://www.baidu.com
get请求 curl $url
post请求 curl -d 'xxx' $url
proxy使用 curl -x 'http://127.0.0.1:8080' $url

重要参数

-H "Content-Type: application/json" 消息头设置
-u username:password 用户认证
-d 要发送的post数据 @file 表示来自于文件
--data-urlencode 'page_size=50' 对内容进行url编码
-G 把data数据当成get请求的参数发送，长与–data-urlencode结合使用
-o 写文件
-x 代理 http代理 socks5代理
-v verbose 打印更详细日志 -s 关闭一些提示输出

基本参数


Usage: curl [options...] 
Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only
     --anyauth       Pick "any" authentication method (H)
 -a, --append        Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)
     --basic         Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)
     --cacert FILE   CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)
     --capath DIR    CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)
 -E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD]  Client certificate file and password (SSL)
     --cert-status   Verify the status of the server certificate (SSL)
     --cert-type TYPE  Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
     --ciphers LIST  SSL ciphers to use (SSL)
     --compressed    Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)
 -K, --config FILE   Read config from FILE
     --connect-timeout SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for connection
     --connect-to HOST1:PORT1:HOST2:PORT2 Connect to host (network level)
 -C, --continue-at OFFSET  Resumed transfer OFFSET
 -b, --cookie STRING/FILE  Read cookies from STRING/FILE (H)
 -c, --cookie-jar FILE  Write cookies to FILE after operation (H)
     --create-dirs   Create necessary local directory hierarchy
     --crlf          Convert LF to CRLF in upload
     --crlfile FILE  Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file
 -d, --data DATA     HTTP POST data (H)
     --data-raw DATA  HTTP POST data, '@' allowed (H)
     --data-ascii DATA  HTTP POST ASCII data (H)
     --data-binary DATA  HTTP POST binary data (H)
     --data-urlencode DATA  HTTP POST data url encoded (H)
     --delegation STRING  GSS-API delegation permission
     --digest        Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)
     --disable-eprt  Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)
     --disable-epsv  Inhibit using EPSV (F)
     --dns-servers   DNS server addrs to use: 1.1.1.1;2.2.2.2
     --dns-interface  Interface to use for DNS requests
     --dns-ipv4-addr  IPv4 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation
     --dns-ipv6-addr  IPv6 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation
 -D, --dump-header FILE  Write the received headers to FILE
     --egd-file FILE  EGD socket path for random data (SSL)
     --engine ENGINE  Crypto engine (use "--engine list" for list) (SSL)
     --expect100-timeout SECONDS How long to wait for 100-continue (H)
 -f, --fail          Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)
     --fail-early    Fail on first transfer error, do not continue
     --false-start   Enable TLS False Start.
 -F, --form CONTENT  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
     --form-string STRING  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
     --ftp-account DATA  Account data string (F)
     --ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND  String to replace "USER [name]" (F)
     --ftp-create-dirs  Create the remote dirs if not present (F)
     --ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD]  Control CWD usage (F)
     --ftp-pasv      Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)
 -P, --ftp-port ADR  Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)
     --ftp-skip-pasv-ip  Skip the IP address for PASV (F)
     --ftp-pret      Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)
     --ftp-ssl-ccc   Send CCC after authenticating (F)
     --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE  Set CCC mode (F)
     --ftp-ssl-control  Require SSL/TLS for FTP login, clear for transfer (F)
 -G, --get           Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)
 -g, --globoff       Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []
 -H, --header LINE   Pass custom header LINE to server (H)
 -I, --head          Show document info only
 -h, --help          This help text
     --hostpubmd5 MD5  Hex-encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)
 -0, --http1.0       Use HTTP 1.0 (H)
     --http1.1       Use HTTP 1.1 (H)
     --http2         Use HTTP 2 (H)
     --http2-prior-knowledge  Use HTTP 2 without HTTP/1.1 Upgrade (H)
     --ignore-content-length  Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header
 -i, --include       Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)
 -k, --insecure      Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)
     --interface INTERFACE  Use network INTERFACE (or address)
 -4, --ipv4          Resolve name to IPv4 address
 -6, --ipv6          Resolve name to IPv6 address
 -j, --junk-session-cookies  Ignore session cookies read from file (H)
     --keepalive-time SECONDS  Wait SECONDS between keepalive probes
     --key KEY       Private key file name (SSL/SSH)
     --key-type TYPE  Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
     --krb LEVEL     Enable Kerberos with security LEVEL (F)
     --libcurl FILE  Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line
     --limit-rate RATE  Limit transfer speed to RATE
 -l, --list-only     List only mode (F/POP3)
     --local-port RANGE  Force use of RANGE for local port numbers
 -L, --location      Follow redirects (H)
     --location-trusted  Like '--location', and send auth to other hosts (H)
     --login-options OPTIONS  Server login options (IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
 -M, --manual        Display the full manual
     --mail-from FROM  Mail from this address (SMTP)
     --mail-rcpt TO  Mail to this/these addresses (SMTP)
     --mail-auth AUTH  Originator address of the original email (SMTP)
     --max-filesize BYTES  Maximum file size to download (H/F)
     --max-redirs NUM  Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)
 -m, --max-time SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for the transfer
     --metalink      Process given URLs as metalink XML file
     --negotiate     Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication (H)
 -n, --netrc         Must read .netrc for user name and password
     --netrc-optional  Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n
     --netrc-file FILE  Specify FILE for netrc
 -:, --next          Allows the following URL to use a separate set of options
     --no-alpn       Disable the ALPN TLS extension (H)
 -N, --no-buffer     Disable buffering of the output stream
     --no-keepalive  Disable keepalive use on the connection
     --no-npn        Disable the NPN TLS extension (H)
     --no-sessionid  Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)
     --noproxy       List of hosts which do not use proxy
     --ntlm          Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)
     --ntlm-wb       Use HTTP NTLM authentication with winbind (H)
     --oauth2-bearer TOKEN  OAuth 2 Bearer Token (IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
 -o, --output FILE   Write to FILE instead of stdout
     --pass PASS     Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)
     --path-as-is    Do not squash .. sequences in URL path
     --pinnedpubkey FILE/HASHES Public key to verify peer against (SSL)
     --post301       Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)
     --post302       Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)
     --post303       Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)
     --preproxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT] Proxy before HTTP(S) proxy
 -#, --progress-bar  Display transfer progress as a progress bar
     --proto PROTOCOLS  Enable/disable PROTOCOLS
     --proto-default PROTOCOL  Use PROTOCOL for any URL missing a scheme
     --proto-redir PROTOCOLS   Enable/disable PROTOCOLS on redirect
 -x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT]  Use proxy on given port
     --proxy-anyauth  Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)
     --proxy-basic   Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)
     --proxy-digest  Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)
     --proxy-cacert FILE CA certificate to verify peer against for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-capath DIR CA directory to verify peer against for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-ciphers LIST SSL ciphers to use for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-crlfile FILE Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file for proxy
     --proxy-insecure Allow connections to SSL sites without certs for proxy (H)
     --proxy-key KEY Private key file name for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-key-type TYPE Private key file type for proxy (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
     --proxy-negotiate  Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication on the proxy (H)
     --proxy-ntlm    Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)
     --proxy-header LINE Pass custom header LINE to proxy (H)
     --proxy-pass PASS Pass phrase for the private key for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-tlsv1   Use TLSv1 for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-tlsuser USER TLS username for proxy
     --proxy-tlspassword STRING TLS password for proxy
     --proxy-tlsauthtype STRING TLS authentication type for proxy (default SRP)
     --proxy-service-name NAME  SPNEGO proxy service name
     --service-name NAME  SPNEGO service name
 -U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD]  Proxy user and password
     --proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT]  Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port
 -p, --proxytunnel   Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)
     --pubkey KEY    Public key file name (SSH)
 -Q, --quote CMD     Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)
     --random-file FILE  File for reading random data from (SSL)
 -r, --range RANGE   Retrieve only the bytes within RANGE
     --raw           Do HTTP "raw"; no transfer decoding (H)
 -e, --referer       Referer URL (H)
 -J, --remote-header-name  Use the header-provided filename (H)
 -O, --remote-name   Write output to a file named as the remote file
     --remote-name-all  Use the remote file name for all URLs
 -R, --remote-time   Set the remote file's time on the local output
 -X, --request COMMAND  Specify request command to use
     --resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS  Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS
     --retry NUM   Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur
     --retry-connrefused  Retry on connection refused (use with --retry)
     --retry-delay SECONDS  Wait SECONDS between retries
     --retry-max-time SECONDS  Retry only within this period
     --sasl-ir       Enable initial response in SASL authentication
 -S, --show-error    Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur
 -s, --silent        Silent mode (don't output anything)
     --socks4 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port
     --socks4a HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port
     --socks5 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port
     --socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy
     --socks5-gssapi-service NAME  SOCKS5 proxy service name for GSS-API
     --socks5-gssapi-nec  Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server
 -Y, --speed-limit RATE  Stop transfers below RATE for 'speed-time' secs
 -y, --speed-time SECONDS  Trigger 'speed-limit' abort after SECONDS (default: 30)
     --ssl           Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
     --ssl-reqd      Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
 -2, --sslv2         Use SSLv2 (SSL)
 -3, --sslv3         Use SSLv3 (SSL)
     --ssl-allow-beast  Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)
     --ssl-no-revoke    Disable cert revocation checks (WinSSL)
     --stderr FILE   Where to redirect stderr (use "-" for stdout)
     --suppress-connect-headers  Suppress proxy CONNECT response headers
     --tcp-nodelay   Use the TCP_NODELAY option
     --tcp-fastopen  Use TCP Fast Open
 -t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL  Set telnet option
     --tftp-blksize VALUE  Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)
     --tftp-no-options  Do not send TFTP options requests
 -z, --time-cond TIME   Transfer based on a time condition
 -1, --tlsv1         Use >= TLSv1 (SSL)
     --tlsv1.0       Use TLSv1.0 (SSL)
     --tlsv1.1       Use TLSv1.1 (SSL)
     --tlsv1.2       Use TLSv1.2 (SSL)
     --tlsv1.3       Use TLSv1.3 (SSL)
     --tls-max VERSION  Use TLS up to VERSION (SSL)
     --trace FILE    Write a debug trace to FILE
     --trace-ascii FILE  Like --trace, but without hex output
     --trace-time    Add time stamps to trace/verbose output
     --tr-encoding   Request compressed transfer encoding (H)
 -T, --upload-file FILE  Transfer FILE to destination
     --url URL       URL to work with
 -B, --use-ascii     Use ASCII/text transfer
 -u, --user USER[:PASSWORD]  Server user and password
     --tlsuser USER  TLS username
     --tlspassword STRING  TLS password
     --tlsauthtype STRING  TLS authentication type (default: SRP)
     --unix-socket PATH    Connect through this Unix domain socket
     --abstract-unix-socket PATH Connect to an abstract Unix domain socket
 -A, --user-agent STRING  Send User-Agent STRING to server (H)
 -v, --verbose       Make the operation more talkative
 -V, --version       Show version number and quit
 -w, --write-out FORMAT  Use output FORMAT after completion
     --xattr         Store metadata in extended file attributes
 -q, --disable       Disable .curlrc (must be first parameter)

常用命令


url=http://www.baidu.com
 
## get请求加json解析 
curl -s 'https://xueqiu.com/stock/search.json?code=sogo&size=3&page=1' -H 'Connection: keep-alive' -H 'Pragma: no-cache' -H 'Cache-Control: no-cache' -H 'Accept: application/json, text/plain, */*' -H 'Sec-Fetch-Dest: empty' -H 'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/80.0.3987.149 Safari/537.36' -H 'elastic-apm-traceparent: 00-760301b0a132e9a4c0f5ac7448a3419e-8823be75504fc61f-00' -H 'Sec-Fetch-Site: same-origin' -H 'Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors' -H 'Referer: https://xueqiu.com/k?q=sogo' -H 'Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7' -H 'Cookie: device_id=24700f9f1986800ab4fcc880530dd0ed; cookiesu=841584103115161; aliyungf_tc=AQAAAIPytE8aVQoAXhjf3cw3R+j5DD/s; acw_tc=2760824b15851452106833674e25941ad47588d5d7ded79b38a04dad8f9444; xq_a_token=2ee68b782d6ac072e2a24d81406dd950aacaebe3; xqat=2ee68b782d6ac072e2a24d81406dd950aacaebe3; xq_r_token=f9a2c4e43ce1340d624c8b28e3634941c48f1052; xq_id_token=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1aWQiOi0xLCJpc3MiOiJ1YyIsImV4cCI6MTU4NzUyMjY2MSwiY3RtIjoxNTg1MTQ1MTYxMDIwLCJjaWQiOiJkOWQwbjRBWnVwIn0.TPrw6_M2Th9QTVz5spwUybqN1790nJANu9kxXl4GfNb1eQ2p2zD43CStgogOGQ8yRXYmSCfURp0343wgjnnCdnQX5698Jl-brdP94wiYKwv11q8QjBYMXFWJGRj0g69C2nxVrRF8K-ETGEked3KjYfk8Xy2wPuZtyGUhORWeCvMhmBdcRKIlWj4d7wp-w_LjMbSLigJAT29F03wBZIxR0r3eMNUhUsXh8dCsWNb6wzhtg8dT4gcd91mQmR5ToR_SFrzQfOopY4vQGcaOHWaAwUMPLUopZwD4ajWzm1kpoBZnf_n_9uBfT4j0nGk95E8J8EmTfBlq-1p019xkhgp87w; u=431585145210698; Hm_lvt_1db88642e346389874251b5a1eded6e3=1583285031,1584102200,1585145180; Hm_lpvt_1db88642e346389874251b5a1eded6e3=1585145192' --compressed | jq
{
  "q": "sogo",
  "page": 1,
  "size": 3,
  "stocks": [
    {
      "code": "SOGO",
      "name": "搜狗",
      "enName": "",
      "hasexist": "false",
      "flag": null,
      "type": 0,
      "stock_id": 1029472,
      "ind_id": 0,
      "ind_name": "通讯业务",
      "ind_color": null,
      "_source": "sc_1:1:sogo"
    }
  ]
}
 
 
#post请求
curl 'http://sonarqube.testing-studio.com:9000/api/authentication/login' -H 'Connection: keep-alive' -H 'Pragma: no-cache' -H 'Cache-Control: no-cache' -H 'Accept: application/json' -H 'User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/80.0.3987.149 Safari/537.36' -H 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' -H 'Origin: http://sonarqube.testing-studio.com:9000' -H 'Referer: http://sonarqube.testing-studio.com:9000/sessions/new' -H 'Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7' -H 'Cookie: _ga=GA1.2.232181868.1566982077; experimentation_subject_id=IjNlYzgxODQ1LTU2MDAtNGIyNy1iNTgzLTE1MzRkY2IwMDI0ZSI%3D--b1f29d33f6a2c85a81be66e4774d437f710c102f; _gid=GA1.2.482544306.1585051015' --data 'login=admin&password=1234' --compressed --insecure
 
#百度的一个url提交脚本
curl -H 'Content-Type:text/plain' --data-binary @urls.txt "http://data.zz.baidu.com/urls"
 
#对参数编码并发送get请求
    curl -G $url  \
        --data-urlencode "current=$current" \
        --data-urlencode "pageSize=$pageSize" 
 
 
#认证与put上传都ElasticSearch里
    curl -X PUT "$ES_HOST/$index/_doc/$id?pretty" \
        --user username:password \
        -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
        -d "$content"
 
 
#查看邮箱
curl -s --user $mail_username:$mail_password "imaps://imap.exmail.qq.com/inbox?all"

练习

手工向百度发起一个 http 请求

5.tcpdump与wireshark的使用

协议分析工具

网络监听：TcpDump + WireShark
代理 Proxy
- 推荐工具：手工测试charles [全平台]、安全测试burpsuite [全平台 java]
- 自动化测试：mitmproxy
- 其他代理： fiddler [仅windows]、AnyProxy [全平台]
协议客户端工具: curl、postman

tcpdump

参数：
- -x 十六进制展示
- -w file 保存文件
表达式：
- ip tcp 协议
- host 主机名
- port 80
- src 来源 dst 目的
- and or () 逻辑表达式

WireShark

抓取访问百度的数据包

sudo tcpdump host www.baidu.com -w /tmp/tcpdump.log
curl http://www.baidu.com
停止tcpdump
使用wireshark打开/tmp/tcpdump.log

三次握手与四次挥手

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原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_56444564/article/details/133376908