定语从句全面介绍

0 定语从句练习题

定语从句：描述事物特征的特定类型，或修饰某个名词，可以联想到形容词的作用

1. who、which

• 在定语从句中，两者均无具体含义
• 重合法： 两个简单句有主语或者宾语上的重合，就可以合并为一个定语从句,代替主语人用 who、物用 which， 宾语用 which 作为关系代词进行对应的代替
• The man plays golf.
  He lives around the park.
  ✔️ The man who plays golf lives around the park.
  
• The letter is for me.
  You saw it yesterday.
  ✔️ The letter which you saw yesterday is for me.
  ✔️ You saw the letter that was for me yesterday. 这两个强调的重点不同，上一句强调这封信是我的，下一句强调昨天看到
  
• I like the girl.
  She works with Lucy.
  ✔️ I like the girl who works with Lucy.
  ✔️ The girl who I like works with Lucy.
  
• I’ve got those books.
  You wanted them.
  ✔️ I’ve got those books which you wanted.
  ✔️ You wanted the books which I had got.

2. That 、who、whom、省略

• That、who、which 根据情况进行互换

  • that 可代替人、物，只是没有 who、which 那么正式
  • The man who/that lives at number is getting married.
  • You haven’t drunk tea which/that I made for you.

• 只能用 that

  关系词只能用 That 而不用 which：

  1. 先行词是不定代词（all / anything / something / everything）、The only thing。 （通常后面的 that 在从句中代替宾语，可以去掉）

  2. 先行词由特别结构修饰时，如 the last / 序数词 / 最高级修饰

     • I’ve alreagy told you everything (that) I know
     • The only thing that matters to me is your happiness.
     • All that I could do was listen to her.
     • What I should do / What I need to do is protect you.

• who

  • whom 目前语言趋势，已逐渐被 who 替代

  • who 可以做主格，可以做宾格，whom 只能作为宾格

    I’ve just got a post card from a woman who I met on holiday last year.

• 介词 + whom

  介词 + whom，此时的 whom 不能改为 who

  • The woman who I travelled with is not my girlfriend.
  • The woman with whom I travelled is not my girlfriend. 上一句的 with 通常需要提前，写成这种形式

• 定语从句引导词的省略

  引导词在从句中作宾语时，可以省略引导词

  • I phoned a man.
    The man (that) I phoned spoke Chinese.
  • A man phoned me.
    The man that phoned me spoke Chinese.

3. 介词提前的定语从句

• 介词后面不能 + that

• The house that Jack lives in is clean.
  The house in which Jack lives is clean.

• The girl whom I was talking about .
  The girl about whom I was talking.

• The man (whom) I was looking at smiled. (不正式）
  The man at whom I was looking similed. 正式

• 如第三句中，定语从句本来正常的语序为 whom I was looking at smiled,实际上关系词 whom 作介词 at 的宾语。而为了引导定语从句，关系词被提前，就造成了介宾结构分离。此时把介词 at 提前，The man at whom I was looking similed. 就可以与它的宾语 “团聚” 了

• 【补充】 定语从句中，与关系词搭配的介词可以提前，也可以不提前。介词提前与否，表达的意思都一样，差别只在于关系词的选择。如果介词提前，那么关系词则不能省略，不能用 that，指人用 “介词+ whom”，指物用 “介词+ which”

• 【补充】 除了限定性定语从句之外，非限定性定语从句也可以把介词提前。

  • This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me,here, now becomes the community’s anyone,anywhere, anytime.

4. what

• what 不能引导定语从句，但是它的含义包含了定语从句的意思，
  what = things(the thing) which(that) = anything that，用 what 进行转化后，为名词性从句

• Have you got what you need for your birthday? 名词性从句 (宾语从句) … 的
  Have you got the things that you need for your birthday? 定语从句

• I’m sorry for the things that happened.
  I’m sorry for what happened.

• The things that she said made me angry.
  What she said made me angry.

• The things that she says make me angry.
  What she says makes me angry. 注意这里的单复数形式

• Can I have something eat?
  Take what you like = Take anything that you like.

• 名词之后，且去掉引导词缺成分，一定为定语从句

5. whose … 的

• whose 在从句中起到代替 his / her / their / its等形容词性物主代词的作用

• whose 在定语从句中需满足两个条件：① 名词后， ② 去掉后句子缺少成分

• I saw a policewoman.
  Her beauty took my breath away.
  ✔️ I saw a policewoman whose beauty took my breath away. whose 替代 Her 做定语，whose beauty 整体做主语

• He went to a meeting.
  He didn’t understand its purpose.
  ✔️ He went to a meeting whose purpose he didn’t understand. whose 代替 its

6. 限制性与非限制性

• 限制性：明确修饰对象，

• 非限制性：补充更多信息，具备明确的倾向，更加正式

• 限制性定语从句
  The US President who followed Lincoln was Johnson.

  The person that supported my idea was Tom.

  The books which got the prize for best first novels were written by me.

• 非限制性定语从句
  非限制性定语从句中，人只能用 who，物只能用 which， 而不能用 that
  President Johnson, who followed Lincoln, was extremely unpopular.

  Tom, who supported my idea, …

  “The Rose”, which won the prize for best first novel, …

• 介词 + whom/which

  In 2000 she Andrew, with whom she later made several films. 不要把 with 放句后

  There will be a short speech from the President, after which drinks will be served.

  注：之前的从句会存在介词放在引导词后面，但是在非限中，一定要放在引导词前

• 总结：

7. which 修饰句子

• 一般的非限定性定语从句都是修饰前面一个名词，即修饰先行词。但还有一种特殊的非限定性定语从句，可以修饰前面整句话，此时关系词只能用 which 或 as, 且它们在从句中都要作成分。which 和 as 引导这种特殊的非限定性定语从句时，用法上没有区别，区别主要在从句的位置上。which 引导的特殊的非限定性定语从句只能位于主句后；而 as 引导的特殊的非限定性定语从句可以位于主句前、中、后
  • He took out the teeth which were causing the trouble. 这里的 which 修饰的是 teeth 这个名词
  • He took out the teeth, which was a real pity. 这里的 which 修饰的是前面整个句子，往往以非限为主
  • Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
  • Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
  • As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.
• 先行词(事物) + which/that = what，但是要注意这里的先行词如果是非限制性，就不能使用 that 了

8. which 的特殊用法

• which 在名词从句中翻译为哪一个， which + 名词

  介词 + which + 名词：共同构成了定语从句的结构

• at which point

• in which case

• She called me a liar, at which point I decided to end the conversation. at which point 在这里表示话都说到这份上了
  I decided to end the conversation at the point that she called me a liar.

• They may wish to spend the night, in which case we will have to find them a room. in which case 这样一个情况下

9. 总结

• 关系代词： who、whom、which、that、介词 + whom、介词 + which、whose 、which + 名词

10. 关系副词

• 关系代词做主语/宾语，关系副词做状语

• when 、where、why ：通常和名词捆绑在一起，具体使用谁，看前面的先行词，做状语

• 时间名词 + when (常见的时间名词后面 when 可以省略)：翻译为在那段时间，单独的 when 出现时，表示当 … 时候

  • 不常见的时间名词，比如：1985
  • 常见的时间名词：the day，the year

• 例句：
  I will never forget the day when I first met you. 这里的 when 可以用 on which 代替也表示在那段时间
  the time (when) we went home
  the year (when) I worked in Shanghai

• 注： 之前的介词 + whom，介词 + which 介词来自于动词搭配，
  介词 + which ： ① 介词来自动词搭配时，作为关系代词 ② 表示 when、where、why 时，作为关系副词

• 地点名词 + where：somewhere / anywhere / everywhere / nowhere / place 后面的 where 可省略

• 例句：
  Do you know a shop where I can buy gloves.
  Do you know a shop at which I can buy gloves. 与上一句不同的是，at which 更多表示一种在那个地方去做事情，where 表示在那个地方，一个方位，这里 at 介词表示位置
  Do you know something (where) we can get a drink.
  Do you know everywhere (where ) she goes.
  Do you know a place (where) I can sleep.

• 注： 所有的关系副词都可以用 介词 + which / whom 来代替

• 原因名词（reason）+ why （why 可以直接省略）

• 例句：
  I never found out the reason (why) she left me.
  I never found out the reason for which she left me. for 这个介词表示原因

• the way 后的定语从句引导词可用 in which = that = 省略，这里的 that 是关系副词

• I don’t like the way (in which/that) she spoke to me.

11. 定语从句的理解层次

• A 36-year-old teacher who was arrested in London after trying to set fire to a shool is said to have set fire to a school is said to have seriously injured two policemen. 注意主干，老师伤害了警察

• The financial problems which some of the company’s branches have been facing over the last eighteen months are mainly caused by increased foreign competition.

• 主要以后面的习题为主

12. 分词从句

• 分词结构做后置定语修饰前面的名词，核心：省略了引导词 + be 动词

• Most of the people arrested had been in trouble before.
  原句： Most of the people who were arrested had been in trouble before.

• Three children found sleeping in Abbey Park last night were taken to a foster home by social workers.
  原句： Three children who were found sleeping in Abbey Park last night were taken to a foster home by social workers.

• A lot of buildings designed by architects are unsuitable for young children.
  原句： A lot of buildings which are designed by architects are unsuitable for young children.

• Do you know that man standing near the door?
  原句： Do you know that man who is standing near the door?

• The man accused of the killing said that he was at the cinema at the time.
  原句： The man who was accused of the killing said that he was at the cinema at the time.

• Letters posted before 12 noon will usually be delivered by the next day.
  原句： Letters which are posted before 12 noon will usually be delivered by the next day.

• nothing wrong
  原句： nothing that is wrong

• The picture on the wall
  原句： The picture which is on the wall

• 注：只有及物动词才能作为分词从句中一部分，因为只有及物动词有被动结构，非及物没有被动结构。

13. 限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别

• 定语从句主要用来修饰限定名词：当名词的范围不确定时，需要用定语从句来限定该名词的范围，相当于回答了 “which”（哪一个/哪一些）的问题。
• 同位语从句是用来解释说明名词：当不知道这个名词的意思时，需要用同位语从句来解释说明，相当于回答了 “what”（是什么）的问题。