• 【高等数学基础进阶】定积分与反常积分-定积分


    定积分概念

    定积分的定义:

    ∫ a b f ( x ) d x ≜ lim ⁡ λ → 0 ∑ i = 1 n f ( ξ i ) Δ x i \int^{b}_{a}f(x)dx\triangleq\lim_{\lambda\to0}\sum\limits^{n}_{i=1}f(\xi_{i})\Delta x_{i} abf(x)dxλ0limi=1nf(ξi)Δxi

    注:

    1. λ → 0 \lambda\to0 λ0 n → ∞ n\to \infty n不等价
    2. ∫ a b f ( x ) d x \int^{b}_{a}f(x)dx abf(x)dx仅与 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]有关; ∫ a b f ( x ) D x = ∫ a b f ( t ) d t \int^{b}_{a}f(x)Dx=\int^{b}_{a}f(t)dt abf(x)Dx=abf(t)dt
    3. 极限 lim ⁡ λ → 0 ∑ i = 1 n f ( ξ i ) Δ x i \lim\limits_{\lambda\to 0}\sum\limits^{n}_{i=1}f(\xi_{i})\Delta x_{i} λ0limi=1nf(ξi)Δxi ξ i \xi_{i} ξi的取法和区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]的分发无关
      因此,有
      ∫ 0 1 f ( x ) d x = lim ⁡ λ → 0 ∑ i = 1 n f ( ξ i ) Δ x i = lim ⁡ n → ∞ 1 n ∑ i = 1 n f ( i n ) \int^{1}_{0}f(x)dx=\lim_{\lambda\to0}\sum\limits^{n}_{i=1}f(\xi_{i})\Delta x_{i}=\lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{1}{n}\sum\limits^{n}_{i=1}f(\frac{i}{n}) 01f(x)dx=λ0limi=1nf(ξi)Δxi=nlimn1i=1nf(ni)

    定积分存在的充分条件

    • f ( x ) f(x) f(x) [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续
    • f ( x ) f(x) f(x) [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上有界且只有有限个间断点
    • f ( x ) f(x) f(x) [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上仅有有限个第一类间断点

    定积分的几何意义

    定积分的性质

    不等式

    • f ( x ) ≤ g ( x ) f(x)\leq g(x) f(x)g(x),则 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x ≤ ∫ a b g ( x ) d x \int^{b}_{a}f(x)dx\leq \int^{b}_{a}g(x)dx abf(x)dxabg(x)dx
    • 估值性:若 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续,则 m ( b − a ) ≤ ∫ a b f ( x ) d x ≤ M ( b − a ) m(b-a)\leq\int^{b}_{a}f(x)dx\leq M(b-a) m(ba)abf(x)dxM(ba)
    • ∫ a b f ( x ) d x ≤ ∫ a b ∣ f ( x ) ∣ d x \int^{b}_{a}f(x)dx\leq \int^{b}_{a}|f(x)|dx abf(x)dxabf(x)dx

    中值定理

    • f ( x ) f(x) f(x) [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续,则 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x = f ( ξ ) ( b − a ) , a < ξ < b ( 此处书上写的是 a ≤ ξ ≤ b ) \int^{b}_{a}f(x)dx=f(\xi)(b-a),a<\xiabf(x)dx=f(ξ)(ba),a<ξ<b(此处书上写的是aξb)
      证明:
      F ( b ) − F ( a ) = 右边 = 拉格朗日中值定理 左边 = F ′ ( ξ ) ( b − a ) F(b)-F(a)=右边\overset{拉格朗日中值定理}{=}左边=F'(\xi)(b-a) F(b)F(a)=右边=拉格朗日中值定理左边=F(ξ)(ba)
    • f ( x ) , g ( x ) f(x),g(x) f(x),g(x) [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续, g ( x ) g(x) g(x)不变号,则 ∫ a b f ( x ) g ( x ) d x = f ( ξ ) ∫ a b d x , a ≤ ξ ≤ b \int^{b}_{a}f(x)g(x)dx=f(\xi)\int^{b}_{a}dx,a\leq \xi\leq b abf(x)g(x)dx=f(ξ)abdx,aξb

    积分上限的函数

    ∫ a x f ( t ) d t \int^{x}_{a}f(t)dt axf(t)dt

    定理:设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续,则 ∫ a x f ( t ) d t \int^{x}_{a}f(t)dt axf(t)dt [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上可导,且
    ( ∫ a x f ( t ) d t ) ′ = f ( x ) (\int^{x}_{a}f(t)dt)'=f(x) (axf(t)dt)=f(x)
    一般结论:
    ( ∫ ϕ ( x ) ψ ( x ) f ( t ) d t ) ′ = f ( ψ ( x ) ) ψ ′ ( x ) − f ( ϕ ( x ) ) ϕ ′ ( x ) (\int^{\psi(x)}_{\phi(x)}f(t)dt)'=f(\psi(x))\psi'(x)-f(\phi(x))\phi'(x) (ϕ(x)ψ(x)f(t)dt)=f(ψ(x))ψ(x)f(ϕ(x))ϕ(x)

    定积分的计算

    • 牛顿-莱布尼茨公式 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x = F ( b ) − F ( a ) \int^{b}_{a}f(x)dx=F(b)-F(a) abf(x)dx=F(b)F(a)
    • 换元法 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x = ∫ α β f ( ϕ ( t ) ) ϕ ′ ( t ) d t \int^{b}_{a}f(x)dx=\int^{\beta}_{\alpha}f(\phi(t))\phi'(t)dt abf(x)dx=αβf(ϕ(t))ϕ(t)dt
    • 分部积分法 ∫ a b u d v = u v ∣ a b − ∫ a b v d u \int^{b}_{a}udv=uv|^{b}_{a}-\int^{b}_{a}vdu abudv=uvababvdu
    • 利用奇偶性 ∫ − a a f ( x ) d x = { 0 , f ( x ) 为奇函数 2 ∫ 0 a f ( x ) d x f ( x ) 为偶函数 \int^{a}_{-a}f(x)dx=
      {0,f(x)20af(x)dxf(x)" role="presentation">{0,f(x)20af(x)dxf(x)
      aaf(x)dx={0,20af(x)dxf(x)为奇函数f(x)为偶函数
    • 利用周期性 ∫ a a + T f ( x ) d x = ∫ 0 T f ( x ) d x \int^{a+T}_{a}f(x)dx=\int^{T}_{0}f(x)dx aa+Tf(x)dx=0Tf(x)dx
    • 利用公式
      • ∫ 0 π 2 sin ⁡ n x d x = ∫ 0 π 2 cos ⁡ n x d x = { n − 1 n n − 3 n − 2 ⋯ 1 2 π 2 n 为偶数 n − 1 n n − 3 n − 2 ⋯ 2 3 n 为奇数 \int^{\frac{\pi}{2}}_{0}\sin^{n}xdx=\int^{\frac{\pi}{2}}_{0}\cos^{n}xdx=
        {n1nn3n212π2nn1nn3n223n" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">{n1nn3n212π2nn1nn3n223n
        02πsinnxdx=02πcosnxdx={nn1n2n3212πnn1n2n332n为偶数n为奇数
      • ∫ 0 π x f ( sin ⁡ x ) d x = π 2 ∫ 0 π f ( sin ⁡ x ) d x \int^{\pi}_{0}xf(\sin x)dx=\frac{\pi}{2}\int^{\pi}_{0}f(\sin x)dx 0πxf(sinx)dx=2π0πf(sinx)dx

    ∫ 0 π x f ( sin ⁡ x ) d x = π 2 ∫ 0 π f ( sin ⁡ x ) d x \int^{\pi}_{0}xf(\sin x)dx=\frac{\pi}{2}\int^{\pi}_{0}f(\sin x)dx 0πxf(sinx)dx=2π0πf(sinx)dx要注意, f ( sin ⁡ x ) f(\sin x) f(sinx)指的是,能用 sin ⁡ x \sin x sinx表示的函数都可以,例如 cos ⁡ 2 x = 1 − 2 sin ⁡ 2 x \cos^{2}x=1-2\sin^{2}x cos2x=12sin2x,但 cos ⁡ x \cos x cosx就不可以,因为在 ( 0 , π ) , cos ⁡ x (0,\pi) ,\cos x (0,π),cosx有正有负, ∣ cos ⁡ x ∣ = 1 − sin ⁡ 2 x |\cos x|=\sqrt{1-\sin^{2} x} cosx=1sin2x ,而 cos ⁡ x ≠ 1 − sin ⁡ 2 x \cos x\ne \sqrt{1-\sin^{2} x} cosx=1sin2x

    常考题型与典型例题

    定积分的概念、性质与几何意义

    例1: lim ⁡ n → ∞ ( 1 n + 1 + 1 n + 2 + ⋯ + 1 n + n ) = ( ) \lim\limits_{n\to \infty}(\frac{1}{n+1}+ \frac{1}{n+2}+\cdots+ \frac{1}{n+n})=() nlim(n+11+n+21++n+n1)=()

    对于 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x = lim ⁡ λ → 0 ∑ i = 1 n f ( ξ i ) Δ x i = lim ⁡ n → ∞ 1 n ∑ i = 1 n f ( ξ i ) ( b − a ) \int^{b}_{a}f(x)dx=\lim\limits_{\lambda\to0}\sum\limits^{n}_{i=1}f(\xi_{i})\Delta x_{i}=\lim\limits_{n\to \infty} \frac{1}{n}\sum\limits^{n}_{i=1}f(\xi_{i})(b-a) abf(x)dx=λ0limi=1nf(ξi)Δxi=nlimn1i=1nf(ξi)(ba)
    上式当区间方法选择 n n n等分时成立,由于此时 Δ x i = b − a n \Delta x_{i}= \frac{b-a}{n} Δxi=nba
    所以当提出 1 n \frac{1}{n} n1时,通过 f ( ξ i ) ( b − a ) f(\xi_{i})(b-a) f(ξi)(ba)就可以看出积分区间和被积函数

    原式 = lim ⁡ n → ∞ 1 n ( 1 1 + 1 n + 1 1 + 2 n + ⋯ + 1 1 + n n ) = ∫ 0 1 1 1 + x d x = ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) ∣ 0 1 = ln ⁡ 2

    =limn1n(11+1n+11+2n++11+nn)=0111+xdx=ln(1+x)|01=ln2" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">=limn1n(11+1n+11+2n++11+nn)=0111+xdx=ln(1+x)|01=ln2
    原式=nlimn1(1+n11+1+n21++1+nn1)=011+x1dx=ln(1+x)01=ln2

    本题 1 1 + 1 n , 1 1 + 2 n , ⋯   , 1 1 + n n \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{n}},\frac{1}{1+\frac{2}{n}},\cdots,\frac{1}{1+\frac{n}{n}} 1+n11,1+n21,,1+nn1显然只有 1 n , 2 n , ⋯   , n n \frac{1}{n},\frac{2}{n},\cdots,\frac{n}{n} n1,n2,,nn在变化,因此被积函数为 1 1 + x \frac{1}{1+x} 1+x1积分区间为 1 n \frac{1}{n} n1 n n \frac{n}{n} nn,即 ( 0 , 1 ) (0,1) (0,1)

    例2: lim ⁡ n → ∞ n ( 1 1 + n 2 + 1 2 2 + n 2 + ⋯ + 1 n 2 + n 2 ) = ( ) \lim\limits_{n\to \infty}n(\frac{1}{1+n^{2}}+ \frac{1}{2^{2}+n^{2}}+\cdots+ \frac{1}{n^{2}+n^{2}})=() nlimn(1+n21+22+n21++n2+n21)=()

    原式 = lim ⁡ n → ∞ 1 n [ 1 1 + ( 1 n ) 2 + 1 1 + ( 2 n ) 2 + ⋯ + 1 1 + ( n n ) 2 ] = ∫ 0 1 1 1 + x 2 d x = arctan ⁡ x ∣ 0 1 = π 4

    =limn1n[11+(1n)2+11+(2n)2++11+(nn)2]=0111+x2dx=arctanx|01=π4" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">=limn1n[11+(1n)2+11+(2n)2++11+(nn)2]=0111+x2dx=arctanx|01=π4
    原式=nlimn1[1+(n1)21+1+(n2)21++1+(nn)21]=011+x21dx=arctanx01=4π

    关于 n n n项和的极限用什么,例如本题分母不变项变化的叫做主体即 n 2 n^{2} n2,变化的叫变体即 1 2 , 2 2 , ⋯   , n 2 1^{2},2^{2},\cdots,n^{2} 12,22,,n2,如果 变体 主体 ⟶ n → ∞ { 0 夹逼原理 ≠ 0 定积分定义 \frac{变体}{主体}\overset{n\to \infty}{\longrightarrow}

    {00" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">{00
    主体变体n{0=0夹逼原理定积分定义

    例3:如图,连续函数 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)在区间 [ − 3 , − 2 ] , [ 2 , 3 ] [-3,-2],[2,3] [3,2],[2,3]上的图形分别是直径为 1 1 1的上、下半圆周,在区间 [ − 2 , 0 ] , [ 0 , 2 ] [-2,0],[0,2] [2,0],[0,2]的图形分别是直径为 2 2 2的下、上半圆周。设 F ( x ) = ∫ 0 x f ( t ) d t F(x)=\int^{x }_{0}f(t)dt F(x)=0xf(t)dt,则证明 F ( − 3 ) = 3 4 F ( 2 ) F(-3)= \frac{3}{4}F(2) F(3)=43F(2)
    ![[附件/Pasted image 20220827164059.png|250]]

    F ( 3 ) = F ( − 3 ) = ∫ 0 3 f ( x ) d x = π 2 − π 2 ( 1 2 ) 2 F ( 2 ) = ∫ 0 2 f ( x ) d x = π 2

    F(3)=F(3)=03f(x)dx=π2π2(12)2F(2)=02f(x)dx=π2" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">F(3)=F(3)=03f(x)dx=π2π2(12)2F(2)=02f(x)dx=π2
    F(3)F(2)=F(3)=03f(x)dx=2π2π(21)2=02f(x)dx=2π
    得证

    补充一个结论
    f ( x ) f(x) f(x)是奇函数 → ∫ a x f ( t ) d t \rightarrow\int^{x }_{a}f(t)dt axf(t)dt偶函数
    f ( x ) f(x) f(x)是偶函数 → ∫ 0 x f ( t ) d t \rightarrow\int^{x }_{0}f(t)dt 0xf(t)dt奇函数

    例4:设二阶可导函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)满足 f ( 1 ) = f ( − 1 ) = 1 , f ( 0 ) = − 1 f(1)=f(-1)=1,f(0)=-1 f(1)=f(1)=1,f(0)=1,且 f ′ ′ ( x ) > 0 f''(x)>0 f′′(x)>0,证明 ∫ − 1 0 f ( x ) d x \int^{0 }_{-1}f(x)dx 10f(x)dx

    用几何法,选一个特殊函数 f ( x ) = 2 x 2 − 1 f(x)=2x^{2}-1 f(x)=2x21即可,或者自行画图,只要满足 f ( 1 ) = f ( − 1 ) = 1 , f ( 0 ) = − 1 f(1)=f(-1)=1,f(0)=-1 f(1)=f(1)=1,f(0)=1,且为凹函数(由于 f ′ ′ ( x ) > 0 f''(x)>0 f′′(x)>0

    例5:设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] [0,1]上连续, ( 0 , 1 ) (0,1) (0,1)内可导,且 3 ∫ 2 3 1 f ( x ) d x = f ( 0 ) 3\int^{1 }_{\frac{2}{3}}f(x)dx=f(0) 3321f(x)dx=f(0),证明在 ( 0 , 1 ) (0,1) (0,1)内存在一点 c c c,使 f ′ ( c ) = 0 f'(c)=0 f(c)=0

    f ( 0 ) = 3 ∫ 2 3 1 f ( x ) d x = 3 ( 1 − 2 3 ) f ( ξ ) = f ( ξ ) , ξ ∈ ( 2 3 , 1 )

    f(0)=3231f(x)dx=3(123)f(ξ)=f(ξ),ξ(23,1)" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">f(0)=3231f(x)dx=3(123)f(ξ)=f(ξ),ξ(23,1)
    f(0)=3321f(x)dx=3(132)f(ξ)=f(ξ),ξ(32,1)
    因此,存在一点 c ∈ ( 0 , ξ ) c\in(0,\xi) c(0,ξ)使 f ′ ( c ) = 0 f'(c)=0 f(c)=0

    定积分计算

    例6: ∫ − π 2 π 2 ( x 3 + sin ⁡ 2 x ) cos ⁡ 2 x d x = ( ) \int^{\frac{\pi}{2} }_{- \frac{\pi}{2}}(x^{3}+\sin^{2}x)\cos^{2}xdx=() 2π2π(x3+sin2x)cos2xdx=()

    原式 = 2 ∫ − π 2 π 2 sin ⁡ 2 x cos ⁡ 2 x d x = 2 ∫ 0 π 2 sin ⁡ 2 x ( 1 − sin ⁡ 2 x ) d x = 2 ( 1 2 π 2 − 3 4 1 2 π 2 ) = π 8

    =2π2π2sin2xcos2xdx=20π2sin2x(1sin2x)dx=2(12π23412π2)=π8" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">=2π2π2sin2xcos2xdx=20π2sin2x(1sin2x)dx=2(12π23412π2)=π8
    原式=22π2πsin2xcos2xdx=202πsin2x(1sin2x)dx=2(212π43212π)=8π

    例7: ∫ − π π ( sin ⁡ 3 x + π 2 − x 2 ) d x \int^{\pi }_{-\pi}(\sin^{3}x+\sqrt{\pi^{2}-x^{2}})dx ππ(sin3x+π2x2 )dx=()

    有公式 ∫ 0 a a 2 − x 2 d x = π 4 a 2 \int^{a }_{0}\sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}dx}=\frac{\pi}{4}a^{2} 0aa2x2dx =4πa2
    画图 x 2 + y 2 = a 2 x^{2}+y^{2}=a^{2} x2+y2=a2第一象限面积即为所求
    偏心圆有 ∫ 0 a 2 a x − x 2 d x = π 4 a 2 \int^{a }_{0}\sqrt{2ax-x ^{2}}dx=\frac{\pi}{4}a ^{2} 0a2axx2 dx=4πa2

    原式 = 2 ∫ 0 π π − x 2 d x = 2 π 4 π 2 = π 3 2

    =20ππx2dx=2π4π2=π32" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">=20ππx2dx=2π4π2=π32
    原式=20ππx2 dx=24ππ2=2π3

    例8: ∫ 0 1 2 x − x 2 d x = ( ) \int^{1 }_{0}\sqrt{2x-x^{2}}dx=() 012xx2 dx=()

    原式 = ∫ 0 1 1 − ( x − 1 ) 2 d x = x − 1 = sin ⁡ t ∫ − π 2 0 cos ⁡ 1 t d t = ∫ 0 π 2 cos ⁡ 2 t d t = 1 2 π 2 = π 4

    =011(x1)2dx=x1=sintπ20cos1tdt=0π2cos2tdt=12π2=π4" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">=011(x1)2dx=x1=sintπ20cos1tdt=0π2cos2tdt=12π2=π4
    原式=011(x1)2 dx=x1=sint2π0cos1tdt=02πcos2tdt=212π=4π
    或者用 ∫ 0 a 2 a x − x 2 d x = π 4 a 2 \int^{a }_{0}\sqrt{2ax-x ^{2}}dx=\frac{\pi}{4}a ^{2} 0a2axx2 dx=4πa2直接得到结果

    例9:计算 ∫ 0 1 x arcsin ⁡ x d x \int^{1 }_{0}x \arcsin xdx 01xarcsinxdx

    原式 = 1 2 ∫ 0 1 arcsin ⁡ x d x 2 = 1 2 x 2 arcsin ⁡ x ∣ 0 1 − 1 2 ∫ 0 1 x 2 1 − x 2 d x 不是出现了 x 2 就可以换 x 2 换完 d x 也要换 这里也可以选择令 x = sin ⁡ t 三角换元的方法 = 1 2 x 2 arcsin ⁡ x ∣ 0 1 − 1 2 ∫ 0 1 x 2 − 1 + 1 1 − x 2 d x = π 4 − 1 2 ( − ∫ 0 1 1 − x 2 d x + arcsin ⁡ ∣ 0 1 ) = π 4 − 1 2 ( − π 4 + π 2 ) = π 8

    =1201arcsinxdx2=12x2arcsinx|011201x21x2dxx2x2dxx=sint=12x2arcsinx|011201x21+11x2dx=π412(011x2dx+arcsin|01)=π412(π4+π2)=π8" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">=1201arcsinxdx2=12x2arcsinx|011201x21x2dxx2x2dxx=sint=12x2arcsinx|011201x21+11x2dx=π412(011x2dx+arcsin|01)=π412(π4+π2)=π8
    原式=2101arcsinxdx2=21x2arcsinx 0121011x2 x2dx不是出现了x2就可以换x2换完dx也要换这里也可以选择令x=sint三角换元的方法=21x2arcsinx 0121011x2 x21+1dx=4π21(011x2dx+arcsin 01 )=4π21(4π+2π)=8π

    例10:设 f ( x ) = ∫ 0 x sin ⁡ t π − t d t f(x)=\int^{x }_{0} \frac{\sin t}{\pi-t}dt f(x)=0xπtsintdt,计算 ∫ 0 π f ( x ) d x \int^{\pi }_{0}f(x)dx 0πf(x)dx

    这类题经常 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)是积不出的积分,所以考虑导数,在分布积分中有导数

    原式 = x f ( x ) ∣ 0 π − ∫ 0 π x sin ⁡ x π − x d x = π ∫ 0 π sin ⁡ t π − t d t − ∫ 0 π x sin ⁡ x π − x d x = ∫ 0 π ( π − x ) sin ⁡ x π − x d x = ∫ 0 π sin ⁡ x d x = 2

    =xf(x)|0π0πxsinxπxdx=π0πsintπtdt0πxsinxπxdx=0π(πx)sinxπxdx=0πsinxdx=2" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">=xf(x)|0π0πxsinxπxdx=π0πsintπtdt0πxsinxπxdx=0π(πx)sinxπxdx=0πsinxdx=2
    原式=xf(x) 0π0ππxxsinxdx=π0ππtsintdt0ππxxsinxdx=0ππx(πx)sinxdx=0πsinxdx=2
    仔细观察,可以有如下变化简化计算
    原式 = ∫ 0 π f ( x ) d ( x − π ) = ( x − π ) f ( x ) ∣ 0 π − ∫ 0 π ( x − π ) sin ⁡ x π − x d x 这样的好处是 ( x − π ) f ( x ) ∣ 0 π 上下限都为 0 , 只需要计算后面的积分即可 = ∫ 0 π sin ⁡ x d x = 2
    =0πf(x)d(xπ)=(xπ)f(x)|0π0π(xπ)sinxπxdx(xπ)f(x)|0π0,=0πsinxdx=2" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">=0πf(x)d(xπ)=(xπ)f(x)|0π0π(xπ)sinxπxdx(xπ)f(x)|0π0,=0πsinxdx=2
    原式=0πf(x)d(xπ)=(xπ)f(x) 0π0ππx(xπ)sinxdx这样的好处是(xπ)f(x) 0π上下限都为0,只需要计算后面的积分即可=0πsinxdx=2

    当然,二重积分交换一下积分次序也可以

    变上限定积分

    例11:设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)连续,试求下列函数的导数
    ∫ e x x 2 f ( t ) d t \int^{x^{2} }_{e^{x}}f(t)dt exx2f(t)dt
    ( ∫ e x x 2 f ( t ) d t ) ′ = f ( x 2 ) ⋅ 2 x − f ( e x ) e x

    (exx2f(t)dt)=f(x2)2xf(ex)ex" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">(exx2f(t)dt)=f(x2)2xf(ex)ex
    (exx2f(t)dt)=f(x2)2xf(ex)ex
    ∫ 0 x ( x − t ) f ( t ) d t \int^{x }_{0}(x-t)f(t)dt 0x(xt)f(t)dt
    ∫ 0 x ( x − t ) f ( t ) d t = x ∫ 0 x f ( t ) d t − ∫ 0 x t f ( t ) d t ( ∫ 0 x ( x − t ) f ( t ) d t ) ′ = ∫ 0 x f ( t ) d t + x f ( x ) − x f ( x ) = ∫ 0 x f ( t ) d t
    0x(xt)f(t)dt=x0xf(t)dt0xtf(t)dt(0x(xt)f(t)dt)=0xf(t)dt+xf(x)xf(x)=0xf(t)dt" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">0x(xt)f(t)dt=x0xf(t)dt0xtf(t)dt(0x(xt)f(t)dt)=0xf(t)dt+xf(x)xf(x)=0xf(t)dt
    0x(xt)f(t)dt(0x(xt)f(t)dt)=x0xf(t)dt0xtf(t)dt=0xf(t)dt+xf(x)xf(x)=0xf(t)dt

    ∫ 0 x cos ⁡ ( x − t ) 2 d t \int^{x }_{0}\cos (x-t)^{2}dt 0xcos(xt)2dt
    ∫ 0 x cos ⁡ ( x − t ) 2 d t = x − t = u ∫ x 0 cos ⁡ u 2 ( − d u ) = ∫ 0 x cos ⁡ u 2 d u ( ∫ 0 x cos ⁡ ( x − t ) 2 d t ) ′ = cos ⁡ x 2
    0xcos(xt)2dt=xt=ux0cosu2(du)=0xcosu2du(0xcos(xt)2dt)=cosx2" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">0xcos(xt)2dt=xt=ux0cosu2(du)=0xcosu2du(0xcos(xt)2dt)=cosx2
    0xcos(xt)2dt(0xcos(xt)2dt)=xt=ux0cosu2(du)=0xcosu2du=cosx2

    ∫ 1 2 f ( x + t ) d t \int^{2 }_{1}f(x+t)dt 12f(x+t)dt
    ∫ 1 2 f ( x + t ) d t = x + t = u ∫ x + 1 x + 2 f ( u ) d u ( ∫ 1 2 f ( x + t ) d t ) ′ = f ( x + 2 ) − f ( x + 1 )
    12f(x+t)dt=x+t=ux+1x+2f(u)du(12f(x+t)dt)=f(x+2)f(x+1)" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">12f(x+t)dt=x+t=ux+1x+2f(u)du(12f(x+t)dt)=f(x+2)f(x+1)
    12f(x+t)dt(12f(x+t)dt)=x+t=ux+1x+2f(u)du=f(x+2)f(x+1)

    例12:设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)连续,则 d d x ∫ 0 x t f ( x 2 − t 2 ) d t = ( ) \frac{d}{dx}\int^{x}_{0}tf(x ^{2}-t^{2})dt=() dxd0xtf(x2t2)dt=()

    ∫ 0 x t f ( x 2 − t 2 ) d t = x 2 − t 2 = u ∫ x 2 0 f ( u ) ( − 1 2 d u ) = 1 2 ∫ 0 x 2 f ( u ) d u d d x ∫ 0 x t f ( x 2 − t 2 ) d t = 1 2 f ( x 2 ) ⋅ 2 x = x f ( x 2 )

    0xtf(x2t2)dt=x2t2=ux20f(u)(12du)=120x2f(u)duddx0xtf(x2t2)dt=12f(x2)2x=xf(x2)" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">0xtf(x2t2)dt=x2t2=ux20f(u)(12du)=120x2f(u)duddx0xtf(x2t2)dt=12f(x2)2x=xf(x2)
    0xtf(x2t2)dtdxd0xtf(x2t2)dt=x2t2=ux20f(u)(21du)=210x2f(u)du=21f(x2)2x=xf(x2)

    例13:设 x ≥ − 1 x \geq -1 x1,求 ∫ − 1 x ( 1 − ∣ t ∣ ) d t \int^{x}_{-1}(1-|t|)dt 1x(1t)dt

    ∫ − 1 x ( 1 − ∣ t ∣ ) d t = { ∫ − 1 x ( 1 + t ) d t − 1 ≤ x < 0 ∫ − 1 0 ( 1 + t ) d t + ∫ 0 x ( 1 − t ) d t x ≥ 0 = { 1 2 ( 1 + x ) 2 − 1 ≤ x < 0 1 − 1 2 ( 1 − x ) 2 x ≥ 0

    1x(1|t|)dt={1x(1+t)dt1x<010(1+t)dt+0x(1t)dtx0={12(1+x)21x<0112(1x)2x0" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">1x(1|t|)dt={1x(1+t)dt1x<010(1+t)dt+0x(1t)dtx0={12(1+x)21x<0112(1x)2x0
    1x(1t)dt={1x(1+t)dt10(1+t)dt+0x(1t)dt1x<0x0={21(1+x)2121(1x)21x<0x0

    例14:设函数 f ( x ) = { sin ⁡ x 0 ≤ x < π 2 π ≤ x ≤ 2 π , F ( x ) = ∫ 0 x f ( t ) d t f(x)=

    {sinx0x<π2πx2π" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">{sinx0x<π2πx2π
    ,F(x)=\int^{x}_{0}f(t)dt f(x)={sinx20x<ππx2π,F(x)=0xf(t)dt,说明 F ( x ) F(x) F(x) x = π x=\pi x=π可导

    分段函数定积分如果分多段注意不要漏前面的

    F ( x ) = { ∫ 0 x sin ⁡ t d t 0 ≤ x < π ∫ 0 π sin ⁡ t d t + ∫ π x 2 d t π ≤ x ≤ 2 π = { 1 − cos ⁡ x 0 ≤ x < π 2 + 2 ( x − π ) π ≤ x ≤ 2 π

    \begin{aligned} F(x)&=\left\{\begin{aligned}& \int^{x}_{0}\sin tdt&0\leq x<\pi\\ &\int^{\pi}_{0}\sin tdt+\int^{x}_{\pi}2dt&\pi\leq x\leq2\pi \end{aligned}" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">\begin{aligned} F(x)&=\left\{\begin{aligned}& \int^{x}_{0}\sin tdt&0\leq x<\pi\\ &\int^{\pi}_{0}\sin tdt+\int^{x}_{\pi}2dt&\pi\leq x\leq2\pi \end{aligned}
    \right.\\ &=\left\{
    1cosx0x<π2+2(xπ)πx2π" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">1cosx0x<π2+2(xπ)πx2π
    \right. \end{aligned} F(x)= 0xsintdt0πsintdt+πx2dt0x<ππx2π={1cosx2+2(xπ)0x<ππx2π

    F ( π − 0 ) = 2 = F ( π + 0 ) = F ( π ) F(\pi-0)=2=F(\pi+0)=F(\pi) F(π0)=2=F(π+0)=F(π)
    因此 F ( x ) F(x) F(x) x = π x=\pi x=π连续
    F + ′ ( π ) = [ 2 + 2 ( x − π ) ] ′ ∣ x = π = 2 F − ′ ( π ) = lim ⁡ x → π − 1 − cos ⁡ x − 2 x − π = lim ⁡ x → π − sin ⁡ x 1 = 0
    F+(π)=[2+2(xπ)]|x=π=2F(π)=limxπ1cosx2xπ=limxπsinx1=0" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">F+(π)=[2+2(xπ)]|x=π=2F(π)=limxπ1cosx2xπ=limxπsinx1=0
    F+(π)F(π)=[2+2(xπ)] x=π=2=xπlimxπ1cosx2=xπlim1sinx=0

    F ( x ) F(x) F(x) x = 0 x=0 x=0不可导

    例15:确定常数 a , b , c a,b,c a,b,c的值,使 lim ⁡ x → 0 a x − sin ⁡ x ∫ b x ln ⁡ ( 1 + t 3 ) t d t = c ( c ≠ 0 ) \lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{ax-\sin x}{\int^{x}_{b}\frac{\ln (1+t^{3})}{t}dt}=c(c \ne 0) x0limbxtln(1+t3)dtaxsinx=c(c=0)

    由于 c ≠ 0 , a x − sin ⁡ x → 0 c\ne0,ax-\sin x\to0 c=0,axsinx0
    ∫ b x ln ⁡ ( 1 + t 3 ) d t t → 0 ⇒ ∫ b 0 ln ⁡ ( 1 + t 3 ) t d t = 0 \int^{x}_{b}\frac{\ln (1+t^{3})dt}{t}\rightarrow 0\Rightarrow \int^{0}_{b}\frac{\ln (1+t^{3})}{t}dt=0 bxtln(1+t3)dt0b0tln(1+t3)dt=0
    易验证 ln ⁡ ( 1 + t 3 ) t > 0 \frac{\ln (1+t^{3})}{t}>0 tln(1+t3)>0,有
    b = 0 b=0 b=0
    因此
    c = lim ⁡ x → 0 a x − sin ⁡ x ∫ 0 x ln ⁡ ( 1 + t 3 ) t d t = lim ⁡ x → 0 a − cos ⁡ x ln ⁡ ( 1 + t 3 ) x = lim ⁡ x → 0 a − cos ⁡ x x 2

    c=limx0axsinx0xln(1+t3)tdt=limx0acosxln(1+t3)x=limx0acosxx2" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">c=limx0axsinx0xln(1+t3)tdt=limx0acosxln(1+t3)x=limx0acosxx2
    c=x0lim0xtln(1+t3)dtaxsinx=x0limxln(1+t3)acosx=x0limx2acosx
    由于分母 x 2 → 0 x^{2}\to 0 x20,如果分子 a − 1 ≠ 0 a-1\ne 0 a1=0则原式 → ∞ \to \infty 矛盾,因此 a = 1 a=1 a=1
    上式 = lim ⁡ x → 0 1 − cos ⁡ x x 2 = 1 2 = c 上式=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{1-\cos x}{x ^{2}}=\frac{1}{2}=c 上式=x0limx21cosx=21=c

    例16:求极限 lim ⁡ x → 0 + ∫ 0 x x − t e t d t x 3

    limx0+0xxtetdtx3" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">limx0+0xxtetdtx3
    x0+limx3 0xxt etdt

    定积分中如果 x x x被看做常数,则可以提出来, e x e^{x} ex也是

    ∫ 0 x x − t e t d t = x − t = u ∫ x 0 u e x − u ( − d u ) = e x ∫ 0 x u e − u d u 原式 = lim ⁡ x → 0 + e x ∫ 0 x u e − u d u x 3 = lim ⁡ x → 0 + x e − x 3 2 x = 2 3

    0xxtetdt=xt=ux0uexu(du)=ex0xueudu=limx0+ex0xueudux3=limx0+xex32x=23" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">0xxtetdt=xt=ux0uexu(du)=ex0xueudu=limx0+ex0xueudux3=limx0+xex32x=23
    0xxt etdt原式=xt=ux0u exu(du)=ex0xu eudu=x0+limx3 ex0xu eudu=x0+lim23x x ex=32
    也可以考虑积分中值定理,即 ∫ a b f ( x ) g ( x ) d x = f ( ξ ) ∫ a b g ( x ) d x
    abf(x)g(x)dx=f(ξ)abg(x)dx" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">abf(x)g(x)dx=f(ξ)abg(x)dx
    abf(x)g(x)dx=f(ξ)abg(x)dx

    注意该积分中值定理要求 f ( x ) , g ( x ) f(x),g(x) f(x),g(x)连续,且 g ( x ) g(x) g(x)不变号

    原式 = lim ⁡ x → 0 + e ξ ∫ 0 x x − t d t x 3 = lim ⁡ x → 0 + − 2 3 ( x − t ) 3 2 ∣ 0 x x 3 = lim ⁡ x → 0 + 2 3 x 3 2 x 3 2 = 2 3

    =limx0+eξ0xxtdtx3=limx0+23(xt)32|0xx3=limx0+23x32x32=23" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">=limx0+eξ0xxtdtx3=limx0+23(xt)32|0xx3=limx0+23x32x32=23
    原式=x0+limx3 eξ0xxt dt=x0+limx3 32(xt)23 0x=x0+limx2332x23=32

    例17:设可导函数 y = y ( x ) y=y(x) y=y(x)由方程 ∫ 0 x + y e − t 2 d t = ∫ 0 x x sin ⁡ t 2 d t

    0x+yet2dt=0xxsint2dt" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">0x+yet2dt=0xxsint2dt
    0x+yet2dt=0xxsint2dt确定,则 d y d x ∣ x = 0 = ( )
    dydx|x=0=()" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">dydx|x=0=()
    dxdy x=0=()

    ∫ 0 x + y e − t 2 d t = ∫ 0 x x sin ⁡ t 2 d t 对两边同时求导 e − ( x + y ) 2 ( 1 + y ′ ) = ∫ 0 x sin ⁡ t 2 d t + x sin ⁡ x 2

    0x+yet2dt=0xxsint2dt(1)e(x+y)2(1+y)=0xsint2dt+xsinx2" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">0x+yet2dt=0xxsint2dt(1)e(x+y)2(1+y)=0xsint2dt+xsinx2
    0x+yet2dte(x+y)2(1+y)=0xxsint2dt对两边同时求导=0xsint2dt+xsinx2(1)
    显然需要 x = 0 x=0 x=0时, y y y的值,令 x = 0 x=0 x=0,代入题中的式子
    ∫ 0 y e − t 2 d t = 0 ⇒ y = 0 \int^{y}_{0}e^{-t^{2}}dt=0 \Rightarrow y=0 0yet2dt=0y=0

    被积函数大于零,积分结果为零,则积分区间长度一定为 0 0 0

    x = 0 , y = 0 x=0,y=0 x=0,y=0,代入 ( 1 ) (1) (1)
    1 + y ′ ( 0 ) = 0 ⇒ y ′ ( 0 ) = − 1

    1+y(0)=0y(0)=1" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">1+y(0)=0y(0)=1
    1+y(0)=0y(0)=1

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  • 原文地址:https://blog.csdn.net/liu20020918zz/article/details/126570847