设计模式 - 状态模式

目录

一. 前言

二. 实现

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一. 前言

    状态模式（State Pattern）：它主要用来解决对象在多种状态转换时，需要对外输出不同的行为的问题。状态和行为是一一对应的，状态之间可以相互转换。当一个对象的内在状态改变时，允许改变其行为，这个对象看起来像是改变了其类。

状态模式和策略模式区别
1、策略模式封装了一组行为或者算法，它允许Client在运行时动态的切换；状态模式是帮助一个类在不同的状态下显示不同的行为，依赖于内部的状态；
2、策略模式不持有Context的引用，而是被Context所使用；状态模式的每个状态都持有Context的引用，从而在Context中实现状态的转移；
3、从理论上说，策略模式定义对象应该“怎么做”；状态模式定义了对象“是什么”，“什么时候做”。
状态模式允许对象在内部状态改变时改变它的行为，对象看起来好像修改了它的类。

二. 实现

Context 类为环境角色, 用于维护State 实例,这个实例定义当前状态（聚合State）。
State 是抽象状态角色,定义一个接口封装与Context 的一个特点接口相关行为。
ConcreteState 具体的状态角色，每个子类实现一个与Context 的一个状态相关行为。

案例：糖果销售机有多种状态，每种状态下销售机有不同的行为，状态可以发生转移，使得销售机的行为也发生改变。

public interface State {
    /**
     * 投入 25 分钱
     */
    void insertQuarter();
 
    /**
     * 退回 25 分钱
     */
    void ejectQuarter();
 
    /**
     * 转动曲柄
     */
    void turnCrank();
 
    /**
     * 发放糖果
     */
    void dispense();
}

public class HasQuarterState implements State {
    private GumballMachine gumballMachine;
 
    public HasQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }
 
    @Override
    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You can't insert another quarter");
    }
 
    @Override
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Quarter returned");
        gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
    }
 
    @Override
    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("You turned...");
        gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldState());
    }
 
    @Override
    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("No gumball dispensed");
    }
}

public class NoQuarterState implements State {
    GumballMachine gumballMachine;
 
    public NoQuarterState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }
 
    @Override
    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You insert a quarter");
        gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getHasQuarterState());
    }
 
    @Override
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You haven't insert a quarter");
    }
 
    @Override
    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("You turned, but there's no quarter");
    }
 
    @Override
    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("You need to pay first");
    }
}

public class SoldOutState implements State {
    GumballMachine gumballMachine;
 
    public SoldOutState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }
 
    @Override
    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You can't insert a quarter, the machine is sold out");
    }
 
    @Override
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("You can't eject, you haven't inserted a quarter yet");
    }
 
    @Override
    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("You turned, but there are no gumballs");
    }
 
    @Override
    public void dispense() {
        System.out.println("No gumball dispensed");
    }
}

public class SoldState implements State {
    GumballMachine gumballMachine;
 
    public SoldState(GumballMachine gumballMachine) {
        this.gumballMachine = gumballMachine;
    }
 
    @Override
    public void insertQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a gumball");
    }
 
    @Override
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        System.out.println("Sorry, you already turned the crank");
    }
 
    @Override
    public void turnCrank() {
        System.out.println("Turning twice doesn't get you another gumball!");
    }
 
    @Override
    public void dispense() {
        gumballMachine.releaseBall();
        if (gumballMachine.getCount() > 0) {
            gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getNoQuarterState());
        } else {
            System.out.println("Oops, out of gumballs");
            gumballMachine.setState(gumballMachine.getSoldOutState());
        }
    }
}

public class GumballMachine {
    private State soldOutState;
    private State noQuarterState;
    private State hasQuarterState;
    private State soldState;
 
    private State state;
    private int count = 0;
 
    public GumballMachine(int numberGumballs) {
        count = numberGumballs;
        soldOutState = new SoldOutState(this);
        noQuarterState = new NoQuarterState(this);
        hasQuarterState = new HasQuarterState(this);
        soldState = new SoldState(this);
 
        if (numberGumballs > 0) {
            state = noQuarterState;
        } else {
            state = soldOutState;
        }
    }
 
    public void insertQuarter() {
        state.insertQuarter();
    }
 
    public void ejectQuarter() {
        state.ejectQuarter();
    }
 
    public void turnCrank() {
        state.turnCrank();
        state.dispense();
    }
 
    public void setState(State state) {
        this.state = state;
    }
 
    public void releaseBall() {
        System.out.println("A gumball comes rolling out the slot...");
        if (count != 0) {
            count -= 1;
        }
    }
 
    public State getSoldOutState() {
        return soldOutState;
    }
 
    public State getNoQuarterState() {
        return noQuarterState;
    }
 
    public State getHasQuarterState() {
        return hasQuarterState;
    }
 
    public State getSoldState() {
        return soldState;
    }
 
    public int getCount() {
        return count;
    }
}

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        GumballMachine gumballMachine = new GumballMachine(5);
 
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
 
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.ejectQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
 
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
        gumballMachine.ejectQuarter();
 
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
        gumballMachine.insertQuarter();
        gumballMachine.turnCrank();
    }
}

You insert a quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
You insert a quarter
Quarter returned
You turned, but there's no quarter
You need to pay first
You insert a quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
You insert a quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
You haven't insert a quarter
You insert a quarter
You can't insert another quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
You insert a quarter
You turned...
A gumball comes rolling out the slot...
Oops, out of gumballs
You can't insert a quarter, the machine is sold out
You turned, but there are no gumballs
No gumball dispensed