装饰器(decorator)在Python框架中扮演着重要角色,是Python中实现切面编程(AOP)的重要手段。
aspect-oriented programming (AOP) ,在不改变代码自身的前提下增加程序功能
不改变代码自身,但需要在函数和类头上加一个标注(annotation),这个标注在Python里叫装饰器,在java里叫注解。
在Python里,一共有四种组合形式。下面一一举例。
采用一个函数定义装饰器:
def decorate(f):
def wrapper(*args):
return f(*args)*2
return wrapper
然后作用在一个函数上:
@decorate
def add(a, b):
return a + b
测试一下效果:
def test_decorate():
sum = add(3, 5)
assert sum == 16
这里通过装饰器实现单例模式:
def singleton(cls):
instances = {}
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
if cls not in instances:
instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kwargs)
return instances[cls]
return wrapper
使用该装饰器:
@singleton
class MyClass:
def method(self):
pass
于是,当你定义多个对象时,返回的是同一实例:
obj = MyClass() # creates a new instance
obj2 = MyClass() # returns the same instance
obj3 = MyClass() # returns the same instance
...
先采用类定义一个装饰器:
class Star:
def __init__(self, n):
self.n = n
def __call__(self, fn):
@wraps(fn)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
return result
return wrapper
再作用在一个函数上:
@Star(5)
def add(a, b):
return a + b
主要是在类中实现__call__方法。上面例子也可以简化:
class MyDecorator:
def __init__(self, function):
self.function = function
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
# We can add some code
# before function call
self.function(*args, **kwargs)
# We can also add some code
# after function call.
# adding class decorator to the function
@MyDecorator
def function(name, message ='Hello'):
print("{}, {}".format(message, name))
先定义装饰器:
class MyClassDecorator(object):
_instances = dict()
def __init__(self, name):
pass
def __call__(self, cls):
class WrappedClass(cls):
def say_hello(self):
print(f'Hello: {self.username}')
return WrappedClass
该装饰器给被装饰的类上添加了一个方法,名称为say_hello()。使用如下:
@MyClassDecorator('test')
class MyClass():
def __init__(self, username):
self.username = username
然后:
def test_decoratorforclass():
obj = MyClass('user1')
obj.say_hello()
打印出: Hello: user1
学习类装饰,对Python的内部机制会有更多的了解。如__init__, call, __new__等内置方法。