• deb包格式实例详解

    本文简介及包格式部分内容节选自：

    deb_百度百科

    一、简介

    DEB是Debian软件包格式的文件扩展名，跟Debian的命名一样，DEB也是因Debra Murdock而得名，她是Debian创始人Ian Murdock的太太。

    Debian包是Unixar的标准归档，在Linux操作系统中类似于windows中的软件包（msi)，几乎不需要什么复杂的编译即可通过鼠标点击安装使用。

    二、包格式

    deb包本身由三部分组成：数据包，包含实际安装的程序数据，文件名为data.tar.XXX；安装信息及控制脚本包，包含deb的安装说明、标识、脚本等，文件名为control.tar.gz；deb文件的一些二进制数据，包括文件头等信息，一般看不到，在某些软件中打开可以看到。

    三、deb包解压实例

    在此我们以flameshot的deb包为例，下载并进行解压，看一下包的实际内容，对照上边包格式以加深理解。

    flameshot是一款堪称完美的截图工具软件。其下载地址为：

    Releases · flameshot-org/flameshot · GitHub

    这里我们选择其中的flameshot-12.1.0-1.debian-10.amd64.deb 进行下载，并将其放置到某一路径下。

    注：电脑环境为Linux环境，具体为Ubuntu22.04。

    1. 图形界面下查看

    在图形界面下双击下载的flameshot deb包进行查看，如下图所示：

    • control.tar.xz

    control.tar.xz就是包格式中提到的安装信息及控制脚本包，包含deb的安装说明、标识、脚本等。继续对于其下内容进行查看。如下图所示：

     control文件内容如下：

    1. Package: flameshot
    2. Version: 12.1.0-1
    3. Architecture: amd64
    4. Maintainer: Boyuan Yang <byang@debian.org>
    5. Installed-Size: 3446
    6. Depends: hicolor-icon-theme, libqt5svg5 (>= 5.9.0~), libc6 (>= 2.14), libgcc1 (>= 1:3.0), libqt5core5a (>= 5.11.0~rc1), libqt5dbus5 (>= 5.9.0~), libqt5gui5 (>= 5.10.0), libqt5network5 (>= 5.9.0~), libqt5widgets5 (>= 5.11.0~rc1), libstdc++6 (>= 5.2)
    7. Recommends: xdg-desktop-portal-gtk | xdg-desktop-portal-gnome | xdg-desktop-portal-kde | xdg-desktop-portal-wlr, grim
    8. Suggests: ca-certificates, openssl
    9. Section: graphics
    10. Priority: optional
    11. Homepage: https://github.com/flameshot-org/flameshot
    12. Description: Powerful yet simple-to-use screenshot software
    13.  Flameshot is a powerful yet simple-to-use screenshot software.
    14.  Notable features include customizable appearance, in-app screenshot editing,
    15.  D-Bus interface, experimental GNOME/KDE Wayland support, integration with
    16.  Imgur and support for both GUI and CLI interface.

    md5sums文件内容如下：

    1. 45e6d0f9a26a94f6d46bf5216a78ed6d  usr/bin/flameshot
    2. 3bb45b56a64a49e5d1a144365d377b28  usr/share/applications/org.flameshot.Flameshot.desktop
    3. 935c5b63477520e5c1e130ff36f1e8fd  usr/share/bash-completion/completions/flameshot
    4. b76ee25c1c4dee15d268f69f726b73c4  usr/share/dbus-1/interfaces/org.flameshot.Flameshot.xml
    5. 1a2c55c59c3ce0f6dee105ed956e7e81  usr/share/dbus-1/services/org.flameshot.Flameshot.service
    6. 7b4173376039e21f1efe8105337cab1b  usr/share/doc/flameshot/README.md.gz
    7. a0d7ed6e6d4f6f459c01d58dac7a2ec6  usr/share/doc/flameshot/changelog.Debian.gz
    8. 36680faef628d69f6d8aa3d93d2ac21f  usr/share/doc/flameshot/copyright
    9. 3d2fc7139bac3fc08255f281950c5b0f  usr/share/fish/vendor_completions.d/flameshot.fish
    10. 6e8c7703d529fa936fe18bf55da8faa3  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_bg.qm
    11. 865a4c4aab34f121087e910a77110d40  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_ca.qm
    12. 2b1143a5d785b79abcb74dea9f1fb68a  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_cs.qm
    13. 90bee22531562138061a8ca1fbf72d50  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_de_DE.qm
    14. 3e58f240a56437609e3c3ece312b926a  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_el.qm
    15. c9eb7adfed9c569dae126585fa109678  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_es.qm
    16. 619fb3b81ed96e03897e3ca30048270b  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_eu.qm
    17. 8c1218f3a5c5aa3ef2f5bfed8908e1ec  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_fa.qm
    18. 746ca7f632fdc8a24ad154c8bbe37875  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_fi.qm
    19. 5c526769dfb6c9d85d47c68d8a3f8cbc  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_fr.qm
    20. bffcde1c73833edf70ef0292b79519c2  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_gl.qm
    21. 5b60c01f0735863a59fd20116d0813df  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_grc.qm
    22. 6893721001e4b5c239304838ddd5cb06  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_he.qm
    23. 8aa14e033b069c58efd2d24e33b26f60  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_hu.qm
    24. 6b7f46e375d7521694c45978f6859988  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_id.qm
    25. f75e2794f7d0302855d6ff9cea0c5c66  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_it_IT.qm
    26. 805711c11210426e528d76b5c0abf4dc  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_ja.qm
    27. 32dba4921b6d0bdd70131bb3f49b3c34  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_ka.qm
    28. 3978f3b41d4cffeadde617fb18a5f8aa  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_ko.qm
    29. 5f8c5d87a50f4acb5b6e2cc60199f7f4  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_nb_NO.qm
    30. e2946b485128a2d56614e08198b1dc80  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_nl.qm
    31. 57c3bccea8ef29fb0dc57dc22409d076  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_nl_NL.qm
    32. defc90bc22e13f3f0cca4ff1a18fc531  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_pl.qm
    33. 578f7426bee89359e263fc6a416d8dab  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_pt_BR.qm
    34. 62001f6178768a32f7214e6c2ff3c09d  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_ru.qm
    35. 05a73c032e57a83e66b40953de0fab9b  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_sk.qm
    36. b6a9485efa037009ca2637ee21587376  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_sr_SP.qm
    37. 1b29a570125ac524c2e17ba99a6cacb5  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_sv_SE.qm
    38. 2a98c23fec878120f1def11a1e224932  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_tr.qm
    39. 6e9d17a5bbbc5d120e684043e7aeae90  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_uk.qm
    40. 705466df7b24c9912cb99caf55f7c79f  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_vi.qm
    41. d3a220ce53507dca73eeff87a5e57b68  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_zh_CN.qm
    42. b2d1a8636251d21307ca81778423e265  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_zh_HK.qm
    43. cd7305b5d4310e7a04e16917a50ea588  usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_zh_TW.qm
    44. 6b7fe8a9029eb6eeaf14e0070ee3ea6b  usr/share/icons/hicolor/128x128/apps/flameshot.png
    45. 6b7fe8a9029eb6eeaf14e0070ee3ea6b  usr/share/icons/hicolor/128x128/apps/org.flameshot.Flameshot.png
    46. 8c6bb754789f9be9c8bb36535deadd0d  usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48/apps/flameshot.png
    47. 8c6bb754789f9be9c8bb36535deadd0d  usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48/apps/org.flameshot.Flameshot.png
    48. 0bdf6bbc223205c3a1b435531dcead49  usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/apps/flameshot.svg
    49. 0bdf6bbc223205c3a1b435531dcead49  usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/apps/org.flameshot.Flameshot.svg
    50. 4d238141c42161205107509a82b8ddbe  usr/share/man/man1/flameshot.1.gz
    51. 27ded40b0b80815511724889981fcefb  usr/share/metainfo/org.flameshot.Flameshot.metainfo.xml
    52. 13722c01bfb4cdb45d576a27f88bb01e  usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_flameshot
    • data.tar.xz

    data.tar.xz就是包格式中提到的数据包，包含实际安装的程序数据。继续对于其下内容进行查看。如下图所示：

     

     

    • debian-binary

    debian-binary就是包格式中提到的deb文件的一些二进制数据，包括文件头等信息。

    2. 命令行解压

    命令行下有两种方式对deb文件进行解压：dpkg和ar。

    （1）方式1 —— dpkg命令

    • 解压出包中的文件

    dpkg -x xxx.deb 解压路径

    • 解压出包的控制信息

    dpkg -e xxx.deb 解压路径 

    结合flameshot包我们实际来看一下。进入到flameshot-12.1.0-1.debian-10.amd64.deb的放置路径：

    1. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test$ cd flameshot/
    2. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ ls 
    3. flameshot-12.1.0-1.debian-10.amd64.deb

    在此路径下建立tmp文件夹，tmp文件夹下建立DEBIAN文件夹：

    1. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ mkdir tmp
    2. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ mkdir tmp/DEBIAN
    3. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ ls 
    4. flameshot-12.1.0-1.debian-10.amd64.deb  tmp
    5. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ ls tmp/
    6. DEBIAN

    将flameshot-12.1.0-1.debian-10.amd64.deb包中的文件解压到tmp/ ，控制信息解压到tmp/DEBIAN/：

    1. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ dpkg -x flameshot-12.1.0-1.debian-10.amd64.deb tmp/
    2. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ ls
    3. flameshot-12.1.0-1.debian-10.amd64.deb  tmp
    4. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ ls tmp
    5. DEBIAN  usr
    6. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ ls tmp/DEBIAN/
    7. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ dpkg -e flameshot-12.1.0-1.debian-10.amd64.deb tmp/DEBIAN/
    8. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ ls tmp/DEBIAN/
    9. control  md5sums
    1. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ ls tmp/DEBIAN/
    2. control  md5sums
    1. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ du tmp/usr/
    2. 1780	tmp/usr/bin
    3. 32	tmp/usr/share/doc/flameshot
    4. 36	tmp/usr/share/doc
    5. 8	tmp/usr/share/metainfo
    6. 1624	tmp/usr/share/flameshot/translations
    7. 1628	tmp/usr/share/flameshot
    8. 8	tmp/usr/share/applications
    9. 8	tmp/usr/share/dbus-1/interfaces
    10. 8	tmp/usr/share/dbus-1/services
    11. 20	tmp/usr/share/dbus-1
    12. 12	tmp/usr/share/fish/vendor_completions.d
    13. 16	tmp/usr/share/fish
    14. 12	tmp/usr/share/zsh/site-functions
    15. 16	tmp/usr/share/zsh
    16. 8	tmp/usr/share/bash-completion/completions
    17. 12	tmp/usr/share/bash-completion
    18. 8	tmp/usr/share/man/man1
    19. 12	tmp/usr/share/man
    20. 12	tmp/usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48/apps
    21. 16	tmp/usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48
    22. 20	tmp/usr/share/icons/hicolor/128x128/apps
    23. 24	tmp/usr/share/icons/hicolor/128x128
    24. 12	tmp/usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/apps
    25. 16	tmp/usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable
    26. 60	tmp/usr/share/icons/hicolor
    27. 64	tmp/usr/share/icons
    28. 1824	tmp/usr/share
    29. 3608	tmp/usr/

    可以看到，与在图形界面下的结果一致，只是控制和数据分别放在了指定路径下，并且没有debian-binary文件。

    （2）方式2 —— ar命令

    • 示例

    ar -vx xx.deb

    以上命令会解压出3个文件：debian-binary，control.tar.xz，data.tar.xz，其中 debian-binary 是一个文本文件，指示.deb软件包格式的版本；control.tar.xz是包含软件包控制信息的压缩包，data.tar .xz包含了所有要从软件包中提取的文件。

    1. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ ar -vx flameshot-12.1.0-1.debian-10.amd64.deb 
    2. x - debian-binary
    3. x - control.tar.xz
    4. x - data.tar.xz
    5. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ ls
    6. control.tar.xz  data.tar.xz  debian-binary  flameshot-12.1.0-1.debian-10.amd64.deb  tmp
    1. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ cat debian-binary 
    2. 2.0

    如果要提取包中的文件，把data.tar.xz解压：tar -xvf data.tar.xz。
    如果要查看包的控制信息，把control.tar.xz 解压：tar -xvf control.tar.xz。

    1. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ tar xvf data.tar.xz 
    2. ./
    3. ./usr/
    4. ./usr/bin/
    5. ./usr/bin/flameshot
    6. ./usr/share/
    7. ./usr/share/applications/
    8. ./usr/share/applications/org.flameshot.Flameshot.desktop
    9. ./usr/share/bash-completion/
    10. ./usr/share/bash-completion/completions/
    11. ./usr/share/bash-completion/completions/flameshot
    12. ./usr/share/dbus-1/
    13. ./usr/share/dbus-1/interfaces/
    14. ./usr/share/dbus-1/interfaces/org.flameshot.Flameshot.xml
    15. ./usr/share/dbus-1/services/
    16. ./usr/share/dbus-1/services/org.flameshot.Flameshot.service
    17. ./usr/share/doc/
    18. ./usr/share/doc/flameshot/
    19. ./usr/share/doc/flameshot/README.md.gz
    20. ./usr/share/doc/flameshot/changelog.Debian.gz
    21. ./usr/share/doc/flameshot/copyright
    22. ./usr/share/fish/
    23. ./usr/share/fish/vendor_completions.d/
    24. ./usr/share/fish/vendor_completions.d/flameshot.fish
    25. ./usr/share/flameshot/
    26. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/
    27. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_bg.qm
    28. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_ca.qm
    29. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_cs.qm
    30. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_de_DE.qm
    31. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_el.qm
    32. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_es.qm
    33. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_eu.qm
    34. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_fa.qm
    35. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_fi.qm
    36. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_fr.qm
    37. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_gl.qm
    38. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_grc.qm
    39. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_he.qm
    40. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_hu.qm
    41. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_id.qm
    42. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_it_IT.qm
    43. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_ja.qm
    44. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_ka.qm
    45. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_ko.qm
    46. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_nb_NO.qm
    47. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_nl.qm
    48. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_nl_NL.qm
    49. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_pl.qm
    50. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_pt_BR.qm
    51. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_ru.qm
    52. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_sk.qm
    53. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_sr_SP.qm
    54. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_sv_SE.qm
    55. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_tr.qm
    56. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_uk.qm
    57. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_vi.qm
    58. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_zh_CN.qm
    59. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_zh_HK.qm
    60. ./usr/share/flameshot/translations/Internationalization_zh_TW.qm
    61. ./usr/share/icons/
    62. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/
    63. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/128x128/
    64. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/128x128/apps/
    65. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/128x128/apps/flameshot.png
    66. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/128x128/apps/org.flameshot.Flameshot.png
    67. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48/
    68. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48/apps/
    69. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48/apps/flameshot.png
    70. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48/apps/org.flameshot.Flameshot.png
    71. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/
    72. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/apps/
    73. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/apps/flameshot.svg
    74. ./usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/apps/org.flameshot.Flameshot.svg
    75. ./usr/share/man/
    76. ./usr/share/man/man1/
    77. ./usr/share/man/man1/flameshot.1.gz
    78. ./usr/share/metainfo/
    79. ./usr/share/metainfo/org.flameshot.Flameshot.metainfo.xml
    80. ./usr/share/zsh/
    81. ./usr/share/zsh/site-functions/
    82. ./usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_flameshot
    1. ph@ph-ThinkBook-14-G2-ITL:~/dingdao/test/flameshot$ tar xvf control.tar.xz 
    2. ./
    3. ./control
    4. ./md5sums

    可以看出，ar命令与图形界面下的命令更为接近、甚至一致。

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  • 原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/phmatthaus/article/details/127867117