Docker 常用命令 - 容器数据卷

容器数据卷（run -v 主机目录:容器内目录）

将容器内的目录挂载至主机上，目的是为容器的持久化与同步操作，容器之间可以共享数据。

docker run -v 主机目录:容器内目录


[root@k8snode docker]# docker run -d -p 3306:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=abc --name mysql01 -v /home/mysql/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /home/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql mysql
38f9bebd5ffb813ebd5cb0cf1d8fd6b862aa6c3af0199b90090c39db9a7ddac8
 
# 查看主机挂载目录
[root@k8snode docker]# ls /home/mysql
conf  data

docker run -d -p 3306:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=abc --name mysql01 -v /home/mysql/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /home/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql mysql

-d 后台运行

-e 环境配置

-p 端囗映射（主机端囗:容器端囗）

-v 容器数据卷挂载（主机目录:容器内目录）

--name 容器名称

使用主机的MySQL客户端连接虚拟机中的docker启动的mysql，连接成功（注意：需要开启虚拟机中的3306端囗），如下图所示：

查看容器数据卷

docker volume xx


[root@k8snode docker]# docker volume --help
 
Usage:  docker volume COMMAND
 
Manage volumes
 
Commands:
  create      Create a volume
  inspect     Display detailed information on one or more volumes
  ls          List volumes
  prune       Remove all unused local volumes
  rm          Remove one or more volumes
 
Run 'docker volume COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.
[root@k8snode docker]#

具名挂载

docker run -v 容器数据卷名称:容器内路径


[root@k8snode docker]# docker run -d --name centos01 -v centos_volume:/home centos
20e2b5b37066cd3b0a7efa02e61c89d389b65a43cdf7f5ff346539ed27836b40
 
[root@k8snode docker]# docker volume ls
DRIVER    VOLUME NAME
local     centos_volume
 
[root@k8snode docker]# docker volume inspect centos_volume
[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2022-06-19T05:58:48+08:00",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": null,
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/centos_volume/_data",
        "Name": "centos_volume",
        "Options": null,
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]
 
#查看docker目录中的volume目录
[root@k8snode docker]# ls /var/lib/docker/volumes/
backingFsBlockDev  centos_volume  metadata.db

匿名挂载

docker run -v 容器内的路径

# 只有容器内的路径，没有主机路径


[root@k8snode docker]# docker run -d --name cenots02 -v /home centos
5e82d50161f601f2db7f112fb7627af666bcce4a32a4f8f2c32ac051f1aa5019
 
[root@k8snode docker]# docker volume ls
DRIVER    VOLUME NAME
local     8f15c1d4a8e486e64dcffc868bccfb129a1eafafd49c014d5faafeafe1d01eb4
local     centos_volume
 
[root@k8snode docker]# docker volume inspect 8f15c1d4a8e486e64dcffc868bccfb129a1eafafd49c014d5faafeafe1d01eb4
[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2022-06-19T06:08:52+08:00",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": null,
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/8f15c1d4a8e486e64dcffc868bccfb129a1eafafd49c014d5faafeafe1d01eb4/_data",
        "Name": "8f15c1d4a8e486e64dcffc868bccfb129a1eafafd49c014d5faafeafe1d01eb4",
        "Options": null,
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]

设置读写权限

docker run -v /home:ro # 容器中目录只读 readonly，只能通过宿主机操作

docker run -v /home:rw # 容器中目录可读可写 read-write（默认）

Dockerfile

常用指令说明

常用指令说明
指令	说明
FROM	基础镜像，一切从这FROM开始构建
MAINTAINER	作者：姓名+邮箱
RUN	镜像构建时需要运行的命令
ADD	添加的内容，压缩包会自动解压
COPY	类似于ADD，将文件拷贝到镜像中
WORKDIR	镜像的工作目录
VOLUME	容器数据卷（挂载的目录）
EXPOST	暴露端囗
CMD	容器启动时要运行的命令，只有最后一个命令会生效（命令被覆盖）
ENTRYPOINT	容器启动时要运行的命令，可以追加命令
ONBUILD	当构建一个被继承的Dockerfile时会运行ONBUILD指令（触发指令）
ENV	构建时设置环境变量

Docker Hub中99%镜像都是从FROM scratch开始的。

构建centos

（1）编写Dockerfile文件

vim Dockerfile

[root@k8snode docker]# vim Dockerfile

文件内容如下：

FROM centos:7

MAINTAINER tracy

RUN mkdir /usr/local/golang

ENV GOPATH /usr/local/golang

WORKDIR $GOPATH

RUN yum install -y vim

EXPOSE 8088

CMD echo $GOPATH

CMD /bin/bash

按Esc退出编辑，输入:wq保存并退出。

（2）构建镜像

查看docker build帮助

docker build --help


[root@k8snode ~]# docker build --help
 
Usage:  docker build [OPTIONS] PATH | URL | -
 
Build an image from a Dockerfile
 
Options:
      --add-host list           Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)
      --build-arg list          Set build-time variables
      --cache-from strings      Images to consider as cache sources
      --cgroup-parent string    Optional parent cgroup for the container
      --compress                Compress the build context using gzip
      --cpu-period int          Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period
      --cpu-quota int           Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota
  -c, --cpu-shares int          CPU shares (relative weight)
      --cpuset-cpus string      CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
      --cpuset-mems string      MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
      --disable-content-trust   Skip image verification (default true)
  -f, --file string             Name of the Dockerfile (Default is 'PATH/Dockerfile')
      --force-rm                Always remove intermediate containers
      --iidfile string          Write the image ID to the file
      --isolation string        Container isolation technology
      --label list              Set metadata for an image
  -m, --memory bytes            Memory limit
      --memory-swap bytes       Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap
      --network string          Set the networking mode for the RUN instructions during build (default "default")
      --no-cache                Do not use cache when building the image
      --pull                    Always attempt to pull a newer version of the image
  -q, --quiet                   Suppress the build output and print image ID on success
      --rm                      Remove intermediate containers after a successful build (default true)
      --security-opt strings    Security options
      --shm-size bytes          Size of /dev/shm
  -t, --tag list                Name and optionally a tag in the 'name:tag' format
      --target string           Set the target build stage to build.
      --ulimit ulimit           Ulimit options (default [])

构建镜像

docker build -f dockerfile文件路径 -t 镜像名称:[TAG] .

# 最后的 .表示当前路径


[root@k8snode docker]# docker build -f Dockerfile -t my_first_centos:1.0 .
Sending build context to Docker daemon  2.048kB
Step 1/9 : FROM centos:7
7: Pulling from library/centos
2d473b07cdd5: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:9d4bcbbb213dfd745b58be38b13b996ebb5ac315fe75711bd618426a630e0987
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:7
 ---> eeb6ee3f44bd
Step 2/9 : MAINTAINER tracy
 ---> Running in c0e7785b55ca
Removing intermediate container c0e7785b55ca
 ---> 83d86de424bd
Step 3/9 : RUN mkdir /usr/local/golang
 ---> Running in f452a13fc4bd
Removing intermediate container f452a13fc4bd
 ---> ea257c125669
Step 4/9 : ENV GOPATH /usr/local/golang
 ---> Running in d1e43bf99621
Removing intermediate container d1e43bf99621
 ---> 810edc15eb13
Step 5/9 : WORKDIR $GOPATH
 ---> Running in c38d2ea76846
Removing intermediate container c38d2ea76846
 ---> e8462a5c6513
Step 6/9 : RUN yum install -y vim
 ---> Running in 7d86127fff9b
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, ovl
Determining fastest mirrors
 * base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
 * extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
 * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
                                       
# 此处略去安装vim的诸多显示信息
                                 
  vim-common.x86_64 2:7.4.629-8.el7_9                                           
  vim-filesystem.x86_64 2:7.4.629-8.el7_9                                       
  which.x86_64 0:2.20-7.el7                                                     
 
Complete!
Removing intermediate container 7d86127fff9b
 ---> d6cf1e5acb67
Step 7/9 : EXPOSE 8088
 ---> Running in 73978947272a
Removing intermediate container 73978947272a
 ---> d1e6f8755c5b
Step 8/9 : CMD echo $GOPATH
 ---> Running in 20af124dd8c2
Removing intermediate container 20af124dd8c2
 ---> 7b09507b702a
Step 9/9 : CMD /bin/bash
 ---> Running in 5be68a75a589
Removing intermediate container 5be68a75a589
 ---> e4d0d69335b9
Successfully built e4d0d69335b9
Successfully tagged my_first_centos:1.0
 
# 查看镜像
[root@k8snode docker]# docker images
REPOSITORY        TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
my_first_centos   1.0       e4d0d69335b9   31 minutes ago   430MB
centos_new        1.0       253389f04919   18 hours ago     231MB
tomcat_new        1.0       261703d60799   18 hours ago     231MB
mysql             latest    3218b38490ce   6 months ago     516MB
centos            7         eeb6ee3f44bd   9 months ago     204MB
centos            latest    5d0da3dc9764   9 months ago     231MB

（3）测试


#进入容器
[root@k8snode docker]# docker run -it my_first_centos:1.0
 
#显示当前路径
[root@6c4da25b7587 golang]# pwd
/usr/local/golang
 
#显示环境变量值
[root@6c4da25b7587 golang]# echo $GOPATH
/usr/local/golang
 
#编辑文件
[root@6c4da25b7587 golang]# vim test.txt
[root@6c4da25b7587 golang]# ls
test.txt

CMD与ENTRYPOINT区别

（1-1）CMD - 编写Dockerfile

[root@k8snode docker]# vim Dockerfile_CMD

内容如下：

FROM centos:7
CMD ["ls","-a"]

（1-2）CMD - 构建镜像


[root@k8snode docker]# docker build -f Dockerfile_CMD -t centos_cmd:1.0 .
Sending build context to Docker daemon  3.072kB
Step 1/2 : FROM centos:7
 ---> eeb6ee3f44bd
Step 2/2 : CMD ["ls","-a"]
 ---> Running in f3bdf1a29969
Removing intermediate container f3bdf1a29969
 ---> 42fe762992da
Successfully built 42fe762992da
Successfully tagged centos_cmd:1.0

（1-3）CMD - 测试

以下启动容器时，在命令行后面加上-l，可以看到执行结果报错，是因为-l覆盖了CMD命令，而-l在linux中不是命令，所以报错


# 查看镜像
[root@k8snode docker]# docker images
REPOSITORY        TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED             SIZE
centos_cmd        1.0       42fe762992da   3 minutes ago       204MB
my_first_centos   1.0       e4d0d69335b9   About an hour ago   430MB
centos_new        1.0       253389f04919   18 hours ago        231MB
tomcat_new        1.0       261703d60799   19 hours ago        231MB
mysql             latest    3218b38490ce   6 months ago        516MB
centos            7         eeb6ee3f44bd   9 months ago        204MB
centos            latest    5d0da3dc9764   9 months ago        231MB
 
# 启动容器，在命令行后面加上-l， 可以看到执行结果报错，是因为-l覆盖了CMD命令，而-l在linux中不是命令，所以报错
[root@k8snode docker]# docker run 42fe762992da -l
docker: Error response from daemon: failed to create shim task: OCI runtime create failed: runc create failed: unable to start container process: exec: "-l": executable file not found in $PATH: unknown.
ERRO[0000] error waiting for container: context canceled

（2-1）ENTRYPOINT - 编写Dockerfile

[root@k8snode docker]# vim Dockerfile_ENTRYPOINT

内容如下：

FROM centos:7
ENTRYPOINT ["ls","-a"]

（2-2）ENTRYPOINT- 构建镜像


[root@k8snode docker]# docker build -f Dockerfile_ENTRYPOINT -t centos_entrypoint:1.0 .
Sending build context to Docker daemon  4.096kB
Step 1/2 : FROM centos:7
 ---> eeb6ee3f44bd
Step 2/2 : ENTRYPOINT ["ls","-a"]
 ---> Running in 731e01c14704
Removing intermediate container 731e01c14704
 ---> 1673cb2f52ad
Successfully built 1673cb2f52ad
Successfully tagged centos_entrypoint:1.0

（2-3）ENTRYPOINT- 测试

以下启动容器时，在命令行后面加上-l，输入结果正常显示目录下的文件列表，是因为-l被追加到CMD命令后，即执行了 ls -a -l 命令了


#查看镜像
[root@k8snode docker]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED             SIZE
centos_entrypoint   1.0       1673cb2f52ad   25 seconds ago      204MB
centos_cmd          1.0       42fe762992da   13 minutes ago      204MB
my_first_centos     1.0       e4d0d69335b9   About an hour ago   430MB
centos_new          1.0       253389f04919   19 hours ago        231MB
tomcat_new          1.0       261703d60799   19 hours ago        231MB
mysql               latest    3218b38490ce   6 months ago        516MB
centos              7         eeb6ee3f44bd   9 months ago        204MB
centos              latest    5d0da3dc9764   9 months ago        231MB
 
 
#启动容器，命令行后加-l，输入结果
[root@k8snode docker]# docker run -it 1673cb2f52ad -l
total 12
drwxr-xr-x   1 root root     6 Jun 19 15:40 .
drwxr-xr-x   1 root root     6 Jun 19 15:40 ..
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root root     0 Jun 19 15:40 .dockerenv
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 12114 Nov 13  2020 anaconda-post.log
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     7 Nov 13  2020 bin -> usr/bin
drwxr-xr-x   5 root root   360 Jun 19 15:40 dev
drwxr-xr-x   1 root root    66 Jun 19 15:40 etc
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 home
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     7 Nov 13  2020 lib -> usr/lib
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     9 Nov 13  2020 lib64 -> usr/lib64
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 media
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 mnt
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 122 root root     0 Jun 19 15:40 proc
dr-xr-x---   2 root root   114 Nov 13  2020 root
drwxr-xr-x  11 root root   148 Nov 13  2020 run
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     8 Nov 13  2020 sbin -> usr/sbin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 srv
dr-xr-xr-x  13 root root     0 Jun 19 15:40 sys
drwxrwxrwt   7 root root   132 Nov 13  2020 tmp
drwxr-xr-x  13 root root   155 Nov 13  2020 usr
drwxr-xr-x  18 root root   238 Nov 13  2020 var

自定义网络

网络模式：

bridge：桥接（默认）

none: 不配置网络

host: 与宿主机共享网络

container: 容器网络连通

网络帮助

docker network --help


[root@k8snode ~]# docker network --help
 
Usage:  docker network COMMAND
 
Manage networks
 
Commands:
  connect     Connect a container to a network
  create      Create a network
  disconnect  Disconnect a container from a network
  inspect     Display detailed information on one or more networks
  ls          List networks
  prune       Remove all unused networks
  rm          Remove one or more networks
 
Run 'docker network COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.

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原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/ling1998/article/details/125354089