目录
/*
含义:又称多表查询,当查询的字段来自于多个表时,就会用到连接查询笛卡尔乘积现象:表1有m行,表2有n行,结果=m*n行
发生原因:没有有效的连接条件
如何避免:添加有效的连接条件
分类:
按年代分:
sql92标准: 仅仅支持内连接
sql99标准【推荐】:支持内连接+外连接(左外+右外)+交叉连接
按功能分:
内连接
等值连接
非等值连接
自连接
外连接
左外连接
右外连接
全外连接
交叉连接
*/
SELECT * FROM beauty;
SELECT * FROM boys;
SELECT name,boyName FROM boys,beauty
WHERE beauty.boyfriend_id = boys.id;
记得切换库o(╥﹏╥)o
#案例2: 查询员工名对应的部门名
SELECT last_name, department_name
FROM employees, departments
WHERE employees.`department_id`= departments.`department_id`;
SELECT * FROM beauty;
SELECT * FROM boys;
#案例1:查询女性名对应的男性名
SELECT NAME,boyName FROM boys,beauty
WHERE beauty.boyfriend_id = boys.id;
#案例2: 查询员工名对应的部门名
SELECT last_name, department_name
FROM employees, departments
WHERE employees.`department_id`= departments.`department_id`;
/*
①提高语句的简洁度
②区分多个重名的字段*/
#查询员工名、工种号、工种名
SELECT last_name, e.job_id, job_title
FROM employees e,jobs j
WHERE e.`job_id`= j.`job_id`;
#案例:查询有奖金的员工名、部门名
SELECT last_name, department_name , commission_pct
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND e.`commission_pct` IS NOT NULL;
#案例2:查询城市名中第二个字符为o的部门名和城市名
SELECT department_name, city
FROM departments d, locations l
WHERE d.`location_id` =l.`location_id`
AND city LIKE '_o%';
#案例2:查询有奖金的每个部门的部门名和部门的领导编号和该部门的最低工资
SELECT department_name, d.manager_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE d.`department_id`= e.`department_id`
AND commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_name, manager_id;
#6.可以加排序
#案例:查询每个工种的工种名和员工的个数,并且按员工个数降序
SELECT job_title, COUNT(*)
FROM employees e,jobs j
WHERE e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
GROUP BY job_title
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;
#7、可以实现三表连接?
#案例:查询员工名、部门名和所在的城市
SELECT last_name, department_name, city
FROM employees e, departments d, locations l
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`;
#8.非等值连接
#创建等级表
CREATE TABLE job_grades(grade_level VARCHAR(3) ,lowest_sal INT,
highest_sal INT);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES ( 'A', 1000,2999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES ('B', 3000, 5999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES ('C', 6000, 9999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('D',10000,14999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES( 'E',15000,24999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES( 'F',25000, 40000);
#查询等级表
SELECT * FROM job_grades;
#案例1:查询员工的工资和工资级别
SELECT last_name, salary, grade_level
FROM employees e, job_grades g
WHERE salary BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;
#3.自连接
#案例:查询员工名和上级的名称
SELECT e.employee_id,e.last_name,m.employee_id,m.last_name
FROM employees e, employees m
WHERE e.`manager_id`=m.`employee_id`;
SELECT 查询列表
FROM 表名1 别名1 ,表名2 别名2
WHERE 连接条件
AND 筛选条件
GROUP BY 分组列表
HAVING 分组后筛选条件
ORDER BY 排序列表
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名 【连接类型】
join 表2 别名
on 连接条件
【where 筛选条件】
【group by 分组】
【having 筛选条件】
【order by 排序列表】
#案例4.查询哪个部门的员工个数>3的部门名和员工个数,并按个数降序(添加排序)
#①查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*),department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
#②在①结果上筛选员工个数>3的记录,并排序
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数, department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING COUNT(*) >3
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;
#5.查询员工名、部门名、工种名,并按部门名降序(添加三表连接)
SELECT last_name , department_name, job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
oN e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
INNER JOIN jobs j
oN e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
ORDER BY department_name DESC;
#查询员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name,m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`= m.`employee_id`;
#查询姓名中包含字符k的员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name,m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`= m.`employee_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%k%';
分类:
内连接(★):inner
左外(★):left 【outer】
右外(★):right 【outer】
全外:full【outer】
交叉连接:cross
/*
含义:
出现在其他语句中的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询
分类:
按子查询出现的位置:
select后面:
仅仅支持标量子查询
from后面:
支持表子查询
where或having后面:★
标量子查询(单行) √
列子查询 (多行) √
行子查询
exists后面(相关子查询)
表子查询
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
*/
#一、where或having后面
/*
1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
3、行子查询(多列多行)
特点:
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用
> < >= <= = <>
列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、any/some、all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
*/
#1.标量子查询★
#案例1:谁的工资比 Abel 高?
#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
#②查询员工的信息,满足 salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);
#案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id 和工资
#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
#③查询员工的姓名,job_id 和工资,要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
) AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
);
#案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
#①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询last_name,job_id和salary,要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
#案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
#②查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#③ 在②基础上筛选,满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);
#非法使用标量子查询
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 250
);
#2.列子查询(多行子查询)★
#案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
#①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
#②查询员工姓名,要求部门号是①列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
#案例2:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
#①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
#②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary,salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#案例3:返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工 的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MIN( salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#3、行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)
#案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#①查询最小的员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
#②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
#③查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#二、select后面
/*
仅仅支持标量子查询
*/
#案例:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
) 个数
FROM departments d;
#案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT (
SELECT department_name,e.department_id
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id=102
) 部门名;
#三、from后面
/*
将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
*/
#案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
SELECT * FROM job_grades;
#②连接①的结果集和job_grades表,筛选条件平均工资 between lowest_sal and highest_sal
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
#四、exists后面(相关子查询)
/*
语法:
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果:
1或0
*/
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=300000);
#案例1:查询有员工的部门名
#in
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
)
#exists
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);
#案例2:查询没有女朋友的男神信息
#in
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty
)
#exists
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty b
WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
);
/*
应用场景:当要显示的数据,一页显示不全,需要分页提交sql请求
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表
【join type join 表2
on 连接条件
where 筛选条件
group by 分组字段
having 分组后的筛选
order by 排序的字段】
limit 【offset,】size;
offset要显示条目的起始索引(起始索引从0开始)
size 要显示的条目个数
特点:
①limit语句放在查询语句的最后
②公式
要显示的页数 page,每页的条目数size
select 查询列表
from 表
limit (page-1)*size,size;
size=10
page
1 0
2 10
3 20
*/
#案例1:查询前五条员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 0,5;
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 5;
#案例2:查询第11条——第25条
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 10,15;
#案例3:有奖金的员工信息,并且工资较高的前10名显示出来
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 10 ;
/*
union 联合 合并:将多条查询语句的结果合并成一个结果
语法:
查询语句1
union
查询语句2
union
...
应用场景:
要查询的结果来自于多个表,且多个表没有直接的连接关系,但查询的信息一致时
1、要求多条查询语句的查询列数是一致的!
2、要求多条查询语句的查询的每一列的类型和顺序最好一致
3、union关键字默认去重,如果使用union all 可以包含重复项
*/
#引入的案例:查询部门编号>90或邮箱包含a的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE email LIKE '%a%' OR department_id>90;;
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE email LIKE '%a%'
UNION
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id>90;
#案例:查询中国用户中男性的信息以及外国用户中男性的用户信息
SELECT id,cname FROM t_ca WHERE csex='男'
UNION ALL
SELECT t_id,tname FROM t_ua WHERE tGender='male';