移动机器人控制和运动学动力学模型密切相关。
差动驱动轮系统控制器。控制采用速度命令的形式,将其拆分然后发送到差动驱动轴距的两个车轮上。里程计是从硬件的反馈中计算出来的,并发布。如果仿真就简单了很多。
参考如下(机器翻译):

带转向机构的车轮系统控制器。控制采用速度命令的形式,该命令被拆分然后发送到转向驱动轮座的单个后轮和单个前转向。里程计是从硬件的反馈中计算出来的,并发布。
创建基础控制器
对于导航功能包集来说,一个基础控制器是非常重要的,因为这是唯一能够有效地控制机器人的方法。它能够直接和机器人的电子设备通信。
ROS并不提供任何标准的基础控制器,因此必须自己编写针对移动平台的基础控制器。
机器人通过geometry_msgs/Twist类型的消息进行控制。这个类型正是之前看到的Odometry消息所使用的。
所以基础控制器必须订阅名称为cmd_vel的主题,必须生成正确的线速度和角速度命令来驱动平台。
现在先复习一下消息的结构。在命令行窗口内输入以下命令查看消息的具体结构:
$ rosmsg show geometry_msgs/Twist
这个命令的输出结果如下所示:
二维环境控制:
geometry_msgs/Vector3 linear
float64 x
float64 y
float64 z
geometry_msgs/Vector3 angular
float64 x
float64 y
float64 z
三维环境控制:
geometry_msgs/Vector3 linear
float64 x
float64 y
float64 z
geometry_msgs/Vector3 angular
float64 x
float64 y
float64 z
其中,线速度向量linear包含了x、y和z轴的线速度。角速度向量angular包含了各个轴向的角速度。
两轮差速结构(diff):
diff-drive-controller
对于两轮机器人,只需要使用线速度x和角速度z。这是因为机器人基于差动轮驱动平台,驱动它的两个电动机只能够让机器人前进、后退或者转向。
车式转向结构(ackermann):
- rosmsg show ackermann_msgs/AckermannDrive [21:27:00]
- float32 steering_angle
- float32 steering_angle_velocity
- float32 speed
- float32 acceleration
- float32 jerk
- mobile_base_controller:
- type : "ackermann_steering_controller/AckermannSteeringController"
- rear_wheel: 'rear_wheel_joint'
- front_steer: 'front_steer_joint'
- publish_rate: 50.0 # default: 50
- pose_covariance_diagonal : [0.001, 0.001, 1000000.0, 1000000.0, 1000000.0, 1000.0]
- twist_covariance_diagonal: [0.001, 0.001, 1000000.0, 1000000.0, 1000000.0, 1000.0]
-
- # Wheel separation between the rear and the front, and diameter of the rear.
- # These are both optional.
- # ackermann_steering_controller will attempt to read either one or both from the
- # URDF if not specified as a parameter.
- wheel_separation_h : 1.0
- wheel_radius : 0.3
-
- # Wheel separation and radius multipliers for odometry calibration.
- wheel_separation_h_multiplier: 1.0 # default: 1.0
- wheel_radius_multiplier : 1.0 # default: 1.0
-
- # Steer position angle multipliers for fine tuning.
- steer_pos_multiplier : 1.0
-
- # Velocity commands timeout [s], default 0.5
- cmd_vel_timeout: 0.25
-
- # Base frame_id
- base_frame_id: base_footprint #default: base_link
-
- # Odom frame_id
- odom_frame_id: odom
-
- # Velocity and acceleration limits
- # Whenever a min_* is unspecified, default to -max_*
- linear:
- x:
- has_velocity_limits : true
- max_velocity : 1.0 # m/s
- min_velocity : -0.5 # m/s
- has_acceleration_limits: true
- max_acceleration : 0.8 # m/s^2
- min_acceleration : -0.4 # m/s^2
- has_jerk_limits : true
- max_jerk : 5.0 # m/s^3
-
- angular:
- z:
- has_velocity_limits : true
- max_velocity : 1.7 # rad/s
- has_acceleration_limits: true
- max_acceleration : 1.5 # rad/s^2
- has_jerk_limits : true
- max_jerk : 2.5 # rad/s^3
如何在地图中移动机器人呢?
两轮差动cmd_vel。

使用rqt
如果需要自动避障参考:
- /******************************************************************************
- STDR Simulator - Simple Two DImensional Robot Simulator
- Copyright (C) 2013 STDR Simulator
- This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
- it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
- (at your option) any later version.
- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
- GNU General Public License for more details.
- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
- Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
-
- Authors :
- * Manos Tsardoulias, etsardou@gmail.com
- * Aris Thallas, aris.thallas@gmail.com
- * Chris Zalidis, zalidis@gmail.com
- ******************************************************************************/
- # include "stdr_samples/obstacle_avoidance/obstacle_avoidance.h"
-
- /**
- @namespace stdr_samples
- @brief The main namespace for STDR Samples
- **/
- namespace stdr_samples
- {
- /**
- @brief Default contructor
- @param argc [int] Number of input arguments
- @param argv [char **] Input arguments
- @return void
- **/
- ObstacleAvoidance::ObstacleAvoidance(int argc,char **argv)
- {
- if(argc != 3)
- {
- ROS_ERROR(
- "Usage : stdr_obstacle avoidance
" ); - exit(0);
- }
- laser_topic_ = std::string("/") +
- std::string(argv[1]) + std::string("/") + std::string(argv[2]);
- speeds_topic_ = std::string("/") +
- std::string(argv[1]) + std::string("/cmd_vel");
-
- subscriber_ = n_.subscribe(
- laser_topic_.c_str(),
- 1,
- &ObstacleAvoidance::callback,
- this);
-
- cmd_vel_pub_ = n_.advertise
(speeds_topic_.c_str(), 1); - }
-
- /**
- @brief Default destructor
- @return void
- **/
- ObstacleAvoidance::~ObstacleAvoidance(void)
- {
-
- }
-
- /**
- @brief Callback for the ros laser message
- @param msg [const sensor_msgs::LaserScan&] The new laser scan message
- @return void
- **/
- void ObstacleAvoidance::callback(const sensor_msgs::LaserScan& msg)
- {
- scan_ = msg;
- float linear = 0, rotational = 0;
- for(unsigned int i = 0 ; i < scan_.ranges.size() ; i++)
- {
- float real_dist = scan_.ranges[i];
- linear -= cos(scan_.angle_min + i * scan_.angle_increment)
- / (1.0 + real_dist * real_dist);
- rotational -= sin(scan_.angle_min + i * scan_.angle_increment)
- / (1.0 + real_dist * real_dist);
- }
- geometry_msgs::Twist cmd;
-
- linear /= scan_.ranges.size();
- rotational /= scan_.ranges.size();
-
- //~ ROS_ERROR("%f %f",linear,rotational);
-
- if(linear > 0.3)
- {
- linear = 0.3;
- }
- else if(linear < -0.3)
- {
- linear = -0.3;
- }
-
- cmd.linear.x = 0.3 + linear;
- cmd.angular.z = rotational;
- cmd_vel_pub_.publish(cmd);
- }
- }