面向读者群体
- ❤️ 电子物联网专业同学,想针对硬件功能构造简单的服务器,不需要学习专业的服务器开发知识 ❤️
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技术要求
- 有HTML、CSS、JavaScript基础更好,当然也没事,就直接运行实例代码学习
专栏介绍
- 通过简短5天时间的渐进式学习NodeJs,可以了解到基本的服务开发概念,同时可以学习到npm、内置核心API(FS文件系统操作、HTTP服务器、Express框架等等),最终能够完成基本的web开发,而且能够部署到公网访问。
学习交流群
- NodeJs物联网五天入门学习之旅(搜索:
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在上一讲中我们知道
Node.js
是一个基于ChromeV8
引擎的JavaScript运行环境
那么,我们首先把这个运行环境安装起来,步骤也非常简单。
点击 下载链接
建议下载
长期支持版本
msi是什么文件?它的意思就是MicroSoft installer
(微软安装器)。大多数我们安装软件,是exe格式的可执行文件,那exe和msi有什么区别?
- MSI更全面,更自动化,比如,自动注册到系统注册表,可以管理软件的安装,卸载,更新等。
- EXE更灵活,配置性更强,不过这个是需要开发者做一些额外的工作。
这里window系统我们就下载msi
版本。
找到我们下载的文件,直接双击它。
点击next 下一步
勾选,我接受许可协议(使用人家的东西,就得接受人家的许可声明)
点击next,下一步
安装路径,我的是默认在c盘的Program Files的nodejs目录下。平时我们安装软件,应该也看到过这Program Files,它表示的是,64位软件的默认安装目录。Program Files(x86)表示32位软件的安装默认路径。如果我们想换个目录,点击Change
(改变),修改安装路径。这里我们不做多余的操作,默认安装路径。点击下一步
我们可以在这个步骤里,Nodejs安装哪些东西。
npm包管理
)这是Nodejs默认的包管理工具,它有什么作用呢?
我们知道,windows操作系统,需要安装一个软件的话,要去百度查找,然后进入网站,下载,安装。
手机上我们要安装某一个app,也要到app应用商城查找,然后下载安装。
那这里引申出一个软件知识,所有的软件包,都放到一个地方,然后使用专门的工具,去这里下载。
所以,ndoejs安装一些软件包(第三方库),使用的就是npm
。
点击Next下一步
点击Next下一步
点击Install,稍微等待一下
安装完成。cmd串口看看版本是否正确。输入node -v
打印nodejs的版本 V16.15.1 ,表示安装成功。
同时,我们也打开安装目录看看有什么文件
npm
表示我们的包管理,这是一个非常应用广泛的工具。
node_modules
表示我们包下载缓存的地方(后面我们会根据项目需求来下载对应的包)
安装完NodeJs环境之后,我们可以做一些常规配置工作,特别是了解npm 工具。
window cmd(win+R运行cmd进入命令提示符窗口)输入
npm config ls -ls
有时候,我们会发现,npm下载安装包的时候,速度异常缓慢!
直接看配置,找到:
淘宝的npm镜像地址
https://registry.npm.taobao.org
能够支持切换两个仓库
(官方仓库、国内仓库)。NPM仓库:
- https://www.npmjs.com/ 官方NPM仓库(外网可能慢点)
- https://npmmirror.com/ 国内NPM镜像(网速更快)
一般情况下,我们会用npm
和cnpm
命令来区分官方仓库和国内仓库。
- 当我们用
npm
命令时,表示从官方仓库下载包
- 当我们用
cnpm
命令时,表示从国内仓库下载包
。(国内仓库每10分钟从官方仓库同步包过来,基本上可以理解为一样)
这两者除了名字不一样,命令参数都是一样。主要是区分仓库。
npm命令是安装NodeJs环境的时候就已经自带了,那么我们只需要配置一下cnpm即可。
执行命令
npm install -g cnpm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org
这样就可以根据自己的需要来切换npm或者cnpm命令。
后期我们会经常和express包打交道,这里下载一下:
cmd(win+R运行cmd进入命令提示符窗口)输入
npm install express -g
- 这个包用于构造web服务器相关请求,非常有用
那我们这个包会下载到什么地方?可以查看一下配置信息
cmd(win+R运行cmd进入命令提示符窗口)输入npm config ls -ls
- 找到
globalconfig
在开发NodeJs服务中,我们经常性会和NPM工具打交道,并且会从NPM仓库去下载很多有用的第三方包(基于内置API基础上封装出来的代码
),协助我们完成项目开发。那么我们就必须先了解一些基本命令。
建议大伙都输入一下命令查看一下效果
npm list -g
注意:
全局安装
和本地项目安装
的区别
npm list 模块名
比如:我们使用 npm 命令查看常用的 Node.js web框架模块 express:
npm list express
npm config ls -ls
一般我们更多的是关注npm仓库的配置信息。
npm 安装 Node.js 模块语法格式如下:
npm install/i
比如:我们使用 npm 命令安装常用的 Node.js web框架模块 express:
npm install express
或者npm i express
通过以上命令安装好之后,express 包就放在了工程目录下的 node_modules
目录中,因此在代码中只需要通过 require('express')
(相当于我们c语言中的include
)的方式引入就好,无需指定第三方包路径。
但是上面方式仅仅是某一个项目工程有效,如果其他工程要用,那么又得继续重新安装一遍。所以,npm为了解决这种问题,区分了本地项目安装
和 全局安装
。
npm install
比如:我们使用 npm 命令安装常用的 Node.js web框架模块 express:
npm install express
这里会提示我们没有 package.json,这个文件是我们创建NodeJs项目是自动生成的,后面会讲解。
对于本地安装,需要注意:
node_modules
下(运行 npm 命令时所在的目录),如果没有 node_modules 目录,会在当前执行 npm 命令的目录下生成 node_modules 目录。
npm install
-g
- g表示global
比如:我们使用 npm 命令安装常用的 Node.js web框架模块 express:
npm install express -g
对于本地安装,需要注意:
假设我们是从网上下载别人的NodeJs项目,一般你会发现基本上是没有 node_modules 目录(一考虑项目大小,二考虑版本更新),这时候我们需要根据项目本身的 package.json
来安装整个项目的依赖包。
package.json 位于模块的目录下,用于定义包的属性
,并且依赖于它最终生成一个 package-lock.json
文件。这里博主以一个demo为例:
package.json文件:
{
"name": "hellodemo",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "",
"main": "index.js",
"scripts": {
"test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
},
"author": "",
"license": "ISC",
"dependencies": {
"express": "^4.18.1"
}
}
package-lock.json文件(不需要查看,了解即可):
{
"name": "hellodemo",
"version": "1.0.0",
"lockfileVersion": 1,
"requires": true,
"dependencies": {
"accepts": {
"version": "1.3.8",
"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/accepts/-/accepts-1.3.8.tgz",
"integrity": "sha512-PYAthTa2m2VKxuvSD3DPC/Gy+U+sOA1LAuT8mkmRuvw+NACSaeXEQ+NHcVF7rONl6qcaxV3Uuemwawk+7+SJLw==",
"requires": {
"mime-types": "~2.1.34",
"negotiator": "0.6.3"
}
},
"array-flatten": {
"version": "1.1.1",
"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/array-flatten/-/array-flatten-1.1.1.tgz",
"integrity": "sha512-PCVAQswWemu6UdxsDFFX/+gVeYqKAod3D3UVm91jHwynguOwAvYPhx8nNlM++NqRcK6CxxpUafjmhIdKiHibqg=="
},
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"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/body-parser/-/body-parser-1.20.0.tgz",
"integrity": "sha512-DfJ+q6EPcGKZD1QWUjSpqp+Q7bDQTsQIF4zfUAtZ6qk+H/3/QRhg9CEp39ss+/T2vw0+HaidC0ecJj/DRLIaKg==",
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}
},
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"version": "3.1.2",
"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/bytes/-/bytes-3.1.2.tgz",
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"requires": {
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"resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/content-disposition/-/content-disposition-0.5.4.tgz",
"integrity": "sha512-FveZTNuGw04cxlAiWbzi6zTAL/lhehaWbTtgluJh4/E95DqMwTmha3KZN1aAWA8cFIhHzMZUvLevkw5Rqk+tSQ==",
"requires": {
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"depd": "2.0.0",
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"escape-html": "~1.0.3",
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"finalhandler": "1.2.0",
"fresh": "0.5.2",
"http-errors": "2.0.0",
"merge-descriptors": "1.0.1",
"methods": "~1.1.2",
"on-finished": "2.4.1",
"parseurl": "~1.3.3",
"path-to-regexp": "0.1.7",
"proxy-addr": "~2.0.7",
"qs": "6.10.3",
"range-parser": "~1.2.1",
"safe-buffer": "5.2.1",
"send": "0.18.0",
"serve-static": "1.15.0",
"setprototypeof": "1.2.0",
"statuses": "2.0.1",
"type-is": "~1.6.18",
"utils-merge": "1.0.1",
"vary": "~1.1.2"
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package.json定义了有依赖包,比如说大于某一个版本,最终使用哪个版本会由package-lock.json决定,并且你会发现 package-lock.json里面的依赖包会比package.json更多,思考一下原因?
原因:
依赖包本身也会依赖于其他包,而package-lock.json文件会把这些其他包也表示出来
。
比如,我们打开一下 express的package,json文件:
"dependencies": {
"accepts": "~1.3.8",
"array-flatten": "1.1.1",
"body-parser": "1.20.0",
"content-disposition": "0.5.4",
"content-type": "~1.0.4",
"cookie": "0.5.0",
"cookie-signature": "1.0.6",
"debug": "2.6.9",
"depd": "2.0.0",
"encodeurl": "~1.0.2",
"escape-html": "~1.0.3",
"etag": "~1.8.1",
"finalhandler": "1.2.0",
"fresh": "0.5.2",
"http-errors": "2.0.0",
"merge-descriptors": "1.0.1",
"methods": "~1.1.2",
"on-finished": "2.4.1",
"parseurl": "~1.3.3",
"path-to-regexp": "0.1.7",
"proxy-addr": "~2.0.7",
"qs": "6.10.3",
"range-parser": "~1.2.1",
"safe-buffer": "5.2.1",
"send": "0.18.0",
"serve-static": "1.15.0",
"setprototypeof": "1.2.0",
"statuses": "2.0.1",
"type-is": "~1.6.18",
"utils-merge": "1.0.1",
"vary": "~1.1.2"
},
它也依赖于了几十个包。
关于package.json介绍完毕,我们来看看如何根据它来下载安装当前项目所依赖的包。
npm install
记住不需要带入任何参数。
上面介绍了项目的package.json文件的重要性,那么如何在本地项目中也把我们引入的一些包写入到项目中呢?
一般我们上传代码是不会上传对应包,其他人会通过这个文件去下载对应的包
安装模块时输入命名:
npm install / i --save
比如:我们使用 npm 命令安装常用的 Node.js web框架模块 express:
npm install express --save
然后我们就会发现package.json文件会写入对应包依赖:
比如:我这里搜索express
npm remove module name
比如:这里删除express
npm remove express
npm update module name
比如:这里更新express
npm update express
Visual Studio Code (简称 VS Code / VSC) 是一款免费开源的现代化轻量级代码编辑器,支持几乎所有主流的开发语言的语法高亮、智能代码补全、自定义热键、括号匹配、代码片段、代码对比 Diff、GIT 等特性,支持插件扩展,并针对网页开发和云端应用开发做了优化。软件跨平台支持 Win、Mac 以及 Linux。
点击 下载链接
找到我们下载的文件,直接双击它。
勾选,我接受许可协议(使用人家的东西,就得接受人家的许可声明)
点击next 下一步
可以看到VSCode的默认安装路径为
C:\users\用户名\AppData\Local\Programs\Microsoft VS Code
。平时我们安装软件,应该也看到过这Program Files,它表示的是,64位软件的默认安装目录。Program Files(x86)表示32位软件的安装默认路径。如果我们想换个目录,点击Change
(浏览),修改安装路径。这里我们不做多余的操作,默认安装路径。点击下一步
点击next,下一步
点击next,下一步
建议全部勾上,点击Next下一步
- 1、创建
桌面快捷方式
效果:
- 2、将“
通过Code打开”操作添加到 Windows 资源管理器文件上下文菜单
效果:
- 3、将“
通过Code打开”操作添加到 Windows 资源管理器目录上下文菜单
效果:
- 4、
添加到PATH
将VSCode添加到环境变量Path中,可以在控制台中输入code打开VS Code
这里就是我们的整体安装配置。
点击Next下一步,等待安装完毕
这里就安装完毕VSCode开发环境,非常简单。
vscode上提供了非常多的有用插件,需要根据具体情况去下载,非专栏重点内容。
篇②我们主要先把NodeJs运行环境搭建起来,并且按照VsCode开发工具。先把工具准备好,才能继续下一步的代码学习。