• 压缩和归档操作

    一、归档备份概述

    1.文件归档

    将许多零散的文件打包，并记录好各自的位置

    −并不压缩其存储空间

    −主要起到整理、备案的作用

    2.文件压缩

    将单个文件按照某种算法重新编码存放

    −只针对单个文件

    −主要起到降低文件大小、节省磁盘空间的作用

    3.归档压缩包

    4.归档压缩格式

    二、zip压缩工具

    1.制作.zip压缩包

    zip 备份操作

    −用法：zip [-r] 压缩包名被压缩的文档...

    先安装命令zip

    1. [root@hadoop ~]# yum install zip
    2. Setting up Install Process
    3. Resolving Dependencies
    4. --> Running transaction check
    5. ---> Package zip.x86_64 0:3.0-1.el6_7.1 will be installed
    6. --> Finished Dependency Resolution
    7.  
    8. Dependencies Resolved
    9.  
    10. ========================================================================================================================
    11.  Package                 Arch                       Version                              Repository                Size
    12. ========================================================================================================================
    13. Installing:
    14.  zip                     x86_64                     3.0-1.el6_7.1                        base                     259 k
    15.  
    16. Transaction Summary
    17. ========================================================================================================================
    18. Install       1 Package(s)
    19.  
    20. Total download size: 259 k
    21. Installed size: 804 k
    22. Is this ok [y/N]: y
    23. Downloading Packages:
    24. zip-3.0-1.el6_7.1.x86_64.rpm                                                                     | 259 kB     00:00     
    25. Running rpm_check_debug
    26. Running Transaction Test
    27. Transaction Test Succeeded
    28. Running Transaction
    29.   Installing : zip-3.0-1.el6_7.1.x86_64                                                                             1/1 
    30.   Verifying  : zip-3.0-1.el6_7.1.x86_64                                                                             1/1 
    31.  
    32. Installed:
    33.   zip.x86_64 0:3.0-1.el6_7.1                                                                                            
    34.  
    35. Complete!
    1. [root@hadoop ~]# ls -lh /etc >ziptest.txt    //建测试文件
    2. [root@hadoop ~]# zip ziptest.zip ziptest.txt    //压缩
    3.   adding: ziptest.txt (deflated 79%)
    4. [root@hadoop ~]# ls -lh ziptest.*
    5. -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8.1K Apr 29 14:38 ziptest.txt
    6. -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.9K Apr 29 14:42 ziptest.zip

    2.zip备份应用实例

    任务目标

    −将目录/etc/init.d和文件install.log 备份为/opt/mybak.zip

    1. [root@hadoop ~]# zip -r /opt/mybak.zip /etc/init.d/ install.log
    2.   adding: etc/init.d/ (stored 0%)
    3.   adding: etc/init.d/rsyslog (deflated 56%)
    4.   adding: etc/init.d/rdisc (deflated 55%)
    5.   adding: etc/init.d/ip6tables (deflated 72%)
    6.   adding: etc/init.d/atd (deflated 62%)
    7.   adding: etc/init.d/lvm2-monitor (deflated 52%)
    8.   adding: etc/init.d/lvm2-lvmetad (deflated 50%)
    9.   adding: etc/init.d/blk-availability (deflated 43%)
    10.   adding: etc/init.d/ntpd (deflated 57%)
    11.   adding: etc/init.d/functions (deflated 67%)
    12.   adding: etc/init.d/sshd (deflated 66%)
    13.   adding: etc/init.d/restorecond (deflated 54%)
    14.   adding: etc/init.d/udev-post (deflated 56%)
    15.   adding: etc/init.d/mysqld (deflated 63%)
    16.   adding: etc/init.d/crond (deflated 64%)
    17.   adding: etc/init.d/auditd (deflated 60%)
    18.   adding: etc/init.d/iptables (deflated 71%)
    19.   adding: etc/init.d/halt (deflated 57%)
    20.   adding: etc/init.d/single (deflated 41%)
    21.   adding: etc/init.d/netconsole (deflated 56%)
    22.   adding: etc/init.d/saslauthd (deflated 57%)
    23.   adding: etc/init.d/network (deflated 65%)
    24.   adding: etc/init.d/sandbox (deflated 56%)
    25.   adding: etc/init.d/netfs (deflated 67%)
    26.   adding: etc/init.d/ntpdate (deflated 51%)
    27.   adding: etc/init.d/postfix (deflated 62%)
    28.   adding: etc/init.d/killall (deflated 45%)
    29.   adding: install.log (deflated 73%)

    3.释放.zip压缩包

    unzip 解压操作−用法：unzip [-d 目标文件夹] .zip压缩包

    安装命令

    1. [root@hadoop ~]# yum install unzip
    2. Setting up Install Process
    3. Resolving Dependencies
    4. --> Running transaction check
    5. ---> Package unzip.x86_64 0:6.0-5.el6 will be installed
    6. --> Finished Dependency Resolution
    7.  
    8. Dependencies Resolved
    9.  
    10. ========================================================================================================================
    11.  Package                    Arch                        Version                         Repository                 Size
    12. ========================================================================================================================
    13. Installing:
    14.  unzip                      x86_64                      6.0-5.el6                       base                      152 k
    15.  
    16. Transaction Summary
    17. ========================================================================================================================
    18. Install       1 Package(s)
    19.  
    20. Total download size: 152 k
    21. Installed size: 324 k
    22. Is this ok [y/N]: y
    23. Downloading Packages:
    24. unzip-6.0-5.el6.x86_64.rpm                                                                       | 152 kB     00:00     
    25. Running rpm_check_debug
    26. Running Transaction Test
    27. Transaction Test Succeeded
    28. Running Transaction
    29.   Installing : unzip-6.0-5.el6.x86_64                                                                               1/1 
    30.   Verifying  : unzip-6.0-5.el6.x86_64                                                                               1/1 
    31.  
    32. Installed:
    33.   unzip.x86_64 0:6.0-5.el6                                                                                              
    34.  
    35. Complete!
    1. [root@hadoop ~]# unzip -d zdir/ ziptest.zip    //释放到指定目录
    2. Archive:  ziptest.zip
    3.   inflating: zdir/ziptest.txt        
    4. [root@hadoop ~]# ls zdir/
    5. ziptest.txt
    6. [root@hadoop ~]# cd /opt/
    7. [root@hadoop opt]# unzip /opt/mybak.zip    //释放到当前目录
    8. Archive:  /opt/mybak.zip
    9.    creating: etc/init.d/
    10.   inflating: etc/init.d/rsyslog      
    11.   inflating: etc/init.d/rdisc        
    12.   inflating: etc/init.d/ip6tables    
    13.   inflating: etc/init.d/atd

    三、gzip/bzip2/xz压缩工具

    1.制作.gz压缩包

    gzip压缩操作

    −用法：gzip[-9] 文件名...

    -分别压缩每个文件，原始文件不保留

    1. [root@hadoop opt]# ls -lh /etc/ >gztest.txt    //建测试文件
    2. [root@hadoop opt]# gzip gztest.txt    //压缩
    3. [root@hadoop opt]# ls -lh gztest.txt*
    4. -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.8K Apr 29 14:51 gztest.txt.gz

    2.释放.gz压缩包

    gunzip解压操作

    −用法1：gunzip.gz压缩包.. ..

    −用法2：gzip-d .gz压缩包.. ..

    −分别解压每个.gz包文件，原始文件不保留

    1. [root@hadoop opt]# gzip -d gztest.txt.gz    //解压缩
    2. [root@hadoop opt]# ls -lh gztest.txt*
    3. -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8.1K Apr 29 14:51 gztest.txt

    3.bzip2与bunzip2

    4.xz与unxz

    四、tar归档及压缩

    1.制作.tar归档包

    tar 制作备份

    −用法：tar -cf.tar归档包名被归档的文件.. ..

    −逐一复制并归档，原始文件保留

    −选项含义：-c 创建、-v 细节、-P 保留根路径、-f 归档

    1. [root@hadoop opt]# tar -cf slbak.tar /etc/selinux    //新建归档
    2. tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
    3. [root@hadoop opt]# tar -tf slbak.tar    //查看归档内容
    4. etc/selinux/
    5. etc/selinux/restorecond_user.conf
    6. etc/selinux/config

    2.释放.tar归档包

    tar 释放备份

    −用法：tar -xf.tar归档包[-C 目标目录]

    −解包并逐一提取，原始文件保留

    −选项含义：-x 释放、-C 存放的目标位置

    1. [root@hadoop opt]# tar -xf slbak.tar -C /opt/    //释放归档到指定目录
    2. [root@hadoop opt]# ls /opt/etc/selinux/
    3. config  restorecond.conf  restorecond_user.conf  semanage.conf  targeted

    3.归档+压缩的整合

     

    4.备份应用实例

    任务目标

    −将/etc和/srv目录备份为/opt/etcsrv.tar.gz 文件

    −保留原始文档的根路径（-P）、权限等属性（-p）

    1. [root@hadoop opt]# tar -zcpPf /opt/etcsrv.tar.gz /etc/ /srv/
    2. [root@hadoop opt]# ls -lh /opt/etcsrv.tar.gz
    3. -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8.1M Apr 29 15:02 /opt/etcsrv.tar.gz
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  • 原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_55834564/article/details/126318994