所谓“配置绑定”就是把配置文件中的值与 JavaBean 中对应的属性进行绑定。通常,我们会把一些配置信息(例如,数据库配置)放在配置文件中,然后通过 Java 代码去读取该配置文件,并且把配置文件中指定的配置封装到 JavaBean(实体类) 中。
SpringBoot 提供了以下 2 种方式进行配置绑定:
通过 Spring Boot 提供的 @ConfigurationProperties 注解,可以将全局配置文件中的配置数据绑定到 JavaBean 中。下面我们以 Spring Boot 项目 helloworld 为例,演示如何通过 @ConfigurationProperties 注解进行配置绑定。
1. 在 helloworld 的全局配置文件 application.yml 中添加以下自定义属性。
- person:
- lastName: 张三
- age: 18
- boss: false
- birth: 1990/12/12
- maps: { k1: v1,k2: 12 }
- lists:
- ‐ lisi
- ‐ zhaoliu
- dog:
- name: 迪迪
- age: 5
2. 在 helloworld 项目的 net.biancheng.www.bean 中创建一个名为 Person 的实体类,并将配置文件中的属性映射到这个实体类上,代码如下。
- package net.biancheng.www.bean;
- import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
- import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
- import java.util.Date;
- import java.util.List;
- import java.util.Map;
- /**
- * 将配置文件中配置的每一个属性的值,映射到这个组件中
- *
- * @ConfigurationProperties:告诉 SpringBoot 将本类中的所有属性和配置文件中相关的配置进行绑定;
- * prefix = "person":配置文件中哪个下面的所有属性进行一一映射
- *
- * 只有这个组件是容器中的组件,才能使用容器提供的@ConfigurationProperties功能;
- */
- @Component
- @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "person")
- public class Person {
- private String lastName;
- private Integer age;
- private Boolean boss;
- private Date birth;
- private Map<String, Object> maps;
- private List<Object> lists;
- private Dog dog;
- public Person() {
- }
- public String getLastName() {
- return lastName;
- }
- public void setLastName(String lastName) {
- this.lastName = lastName;
- }
- public Integer getAge() {
- return age;
- }
- public void setAge(Integer age) {
- this.age = age;
- }
- public Boolean getBoss() {
- return boss;
- }
- public void setBoss(Boolean boss) {
- this.boss = boss;
- }
- public Date getBirth() {
- return birth;
- }
- public void setBirth(Date birth) {
- this.birth = birth;
- }
- public Map<String, Object> getMaps() {
- return maps;
- }
- public void setMaps(Map<String, Object> maps) {
- this.maps = maps;
- }
- public List<Object> getLists() {
- return lists;
- }
- public void setLists(List<Object> lists) {
- this.lists = lists;
- }
- public Dog getDog() {
- return dog;
- }
- public void setDog(Dog dog) {
- this.dog = dog;
- }
- public Person(String lastName, Integer age, Boolean boss, Date birth, Map<String, Object> maps, List<Object> lists, Dog dog) {
- this.lastName = lastName;
- this.age = age;
- this.boss = boss;
- this.birth = birth;
- this.maps = maps;
- this.lists = lists;
- this.dog = dog;
- }
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return "Person{" +
- "lastName='" + lastName + '\'' +
- ", age=" + age +
- ", boss=" + boss +
- ", birth=" + birth +
- ", maps=" + maps +
- ", lists=" + lists +
- ", dog=" + dog +
- '}';
- }
- }
注意:
2. 在 net.biancheng.www.bean 中,创建一个名为 Dog 的 JavaBean,代码如下。
- package net.biancheng.www.bean;
- public class Dog {
- private String name;
- private String age;
- public Dog() {
- }
- public Dog(String name, String age) {
- this.name = name;
- this.age = age;
- }
- public void setName(String name) {
- this.name = name;
- }
- public void setAge(String age) {
- this.age = age;
- }
- public String getName() {
- return name;
- }
- public String getAge() {
- return age;
- }
- }
3. 修改 HelloController 的代码,在浏览器中展示配置文件中各个属性值,代码如下。
- package net.biancheng.www.controller;
- import net.biancheng.www.bean.Person;
- import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
- import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
- import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
- import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
- @Controller
- public class HelloController {
- @Autowired
- private Person person;
- @ResponseBody
- @RequestMapping("/hello")
- public Person hello() {
- return person;
- }
- }
4. 重启项目,使用浏览器访问 “http://localhost:8081/hello”,结果如下图。
图3:Spring Boot 读取自定义配置
当我们只需要读取配置文件中的某一个配置时,可以通过 @Value 注解获取。
1. 以 Spring Boot 项目 helloworld 为例,修改实体类 Person 中的代码,使用 @Value 注解进行配置绑定,代码如下。
- package net.biancheng.www.bean;
- import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
- import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
- import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
- import java.util.Date;
- import java.util.List;
- import java.util.Map;
- @Component
- public class Person {
- @Value("${person.lastName}")
- private String lastName;
- @Value("${person.age}")
- private Integer age;
- @Value("${person.boss}")
- private Boolean boss;
- @Value("${person.birth}")
- private Date birth;
- private Map<String, Object> maps;
- private List<Object> lists;
- private Dog dog;
- public Person() {
- }
- public String getLastName() {
- return lastName;
- }
- public void setLastName(String lastName) {
- this.lastName = lastName;
- }
- public Integer getAge() {
- return age;
- }
- public void setAge(Integer age) {
- this.age = age;
- }
- public Boolean getBoss() {
- return boss;
- }
- public void setBoss(Boolean boss) {
- this.boss = boss;
- }
- public Date getBirth() {
- return birth;
- }
- public void setBirth(Date birth) {
- this.birth = birth;
- }
- public Map<String, Object> getMaps() {
- return maps;
- }
- public void setMaps(Map<String, Object> maps) {
- this.maps = maps;
- }
- public List<Object> getLists() {
- return lists;
- }
- public void setLists(List<Object> lists) {
- this.lists = lists;
- }
- public Dog getDog() {
- return dog;
- }
- public void setDog(Dog dog) {
- this.dog = dog;
- }
- public Person(String lastName, Integer age, Boolean boss, Date birth, Map<String, Object> maps, List<Object> lists, Dog dog) {
- this.lastName = lastName;
- this.age = age;
- this.boss = boss;
- this.birth = birth;
- this.maps = maps;
- this.lists = lists;
- this.dog = dog;
- }
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return "Person{" +
- "lastName='" + lastName + '\'' +
- ", age=" + age +
- ", boss=" + boss +
- ", birth=" + birth +
- ", maps=" + maps +
- ", lists=" + lists +
- ", dog=" + dog +
- '}';
- }
- }
2. 重启项目,使用浏览器访问 “http://localhost:8081/hello”,结果如下图。
图4:Spring Boot @Value 注解读取配置文件值
@Value 和 @ConfigurationProperties 注解都能读取配置文件中的属性值并绑定到 JavaBean 中,但两者存在以下不同。
1. 使用位置不同
2. 功能不同
3. 松散绑定支持不同
@ConfigurationProperties:支持松散绑定(松散语法),例如实体类 Person 中有一个属性为 firstName,那么配置文件中的属性名支持以下写法:
@Vaule:不支持松散绑定。
4. SpEL 支持不同
5. 复杂类型封装
6. 应用场景不同
@Value 和 @ConfigurationProperties 两个注解之间,并没有明显的优劣之分,它们只是适合的应用场景不同而已。
我们在选用时,根据实际应用场景选择合适的注解能达到事半功倍的效果。
如果将所有的配置都集中到 application.properties 或 application.yml 中,那么这个配置文件会十分的臃肿且难以维护,因此我们通常会将与 Spring Boot 无关的配置(例如自定义配置)提取出来,写在一个单独的配置文件中,并在对应的 JavaBean 上使用 @PropertySource 注解指向该配置文件。
1. 以 helloworld 为例,将与 person 相关的自定义配置移动到 src/main/resources 下的 person.properties 中(注意,必须把 application.properties 或 application.yml 中的相关配置删除),如下图。
图5:person.properties
person.properties 的配置如下。
- person.last-name=李四
- person.age=12
- person.birth=2000/12/15
- person.boss=false
- person.maps.k1=v1
- person.maps.k2=14
- person.lists=a,b,c
- person.dog.name=dog
- person.dog.age=2
2. 在 Person 使用 @PropertySource 注解指向 person.properties,代码如下。
- package net.biancheng.www.bean;
- import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
- import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
- import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource;
- import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
- import java.util.Date;
- import java.util.List;
- import java.util.Map;
- @PropertySource(value = "classpath:person.properties")//指向对应的配置文件
- @Component
- @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "person")
- public class Person {
- private String lastName;
- private Integer age;
- private Boolean boss;
- private Date birth;
- private Map<String, Object> maps;
- private List<Object> lists;
- private Dog dog;
- public Person() {
- }
- public String getLastName() {
- return lastName;
- }
- public void setLastName(String lastName) {
- this.lastName = lastName;
- }
- public Integer getAge() {
- return age;
- }
- public void setAge(Integer age) {
- this.age = age;
- }
- public Boolean getBoss() {
- return boss;
- }
- public void setBoss(Boolean boss) {
- this.boss = boss;
- }
- public Date getBirth() {
- return birth;
- }
- public void setBirth(Date birth) {
- this.birth = birth;
- }
- public Map<String, Object> getMaps() {
- return maps;
- }
- public void setMaps(Map<String, Object> maps) {
- this.maps = maps;
- }
- public List<Object> getLists() {
- return lists;
- }
- public void setLists(List<Object> lists) {
- this.lists = lists;
- }
- public Dog getDog() {
- return dog;
- }
- public void setDog(Dog dog) {
- this.dog = dog;
- }
- public Person(String lastName, Integer age, Boolean boss, Date birth, Map<String, Object> maps, List<Object> lists, Dog dog) {
- this.lastName = lastName;
- this.age = age;
- this.boss = boss;
- this.birth = birth;
- this.maps = maps;
- this.lists = lists;
- this.dog = dog;
- }
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return "Person{" +
- "lastName='" + lastName + '\'' +
- ", age=" + age +
- ", boss=" + boss +
- ", birth=" + birth +
- ", maps=" + maps +
- ", lists=" + lists +
- ", dog=" + dog +
- '}';
- }
- }
3. 重启项目,使用浏览器访问 “http://localhost:8081/hello”,结果如下图。
图6:Spring Boot 将 person.properties 的属性注入