• 教材管理系统设计与实现


    教材管理系统设计与实现

    在这里插入图片描述

    1. 系统概述

    教材管理系统是一个基于PHP和SQL的Web应用程序,旨在为学校提供一个高效的教材管理平台。该系统可以帮助管理员录入教材信息、教师查询和申请教材、学生查询教材信息,提高教材管理的效率和透明度。

    2. 技术栈
    • 前端:HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, jQuery, Bootstrap
    • 后端:PHP
    • 数据库:MySQL
    • 服务器:Apache
    3. 系统功能模块
    1. 用户管理

      • 用户注册与登录
      • 用户信息管理
      • 角色权限管理(管理员、教师、学生)
    2. 教材管理

      • 教材信息录入
      • 教材信息查询
      • 教材信息修改
      • 教材信息删除
    3. 申请管理

      • 教师申请教材
      • 管理员审批申请
    4. 库存管理

      • 教材库存查询
      • 教材库存更新
    5. 系统设置

      • 数据备份与恢复
      • 系统日志管理
      • 参数配置
    4. 数据库设计
    4.1 数据库表结构
    1. 用户表(users)

      • id (INT, 主键)
      • username (VARCHAR, 用户名)
      • password (VARCHAR, 密码)
      • role (VARCHAR, 角色)
      • created_at (DATETIME, 创建时间)
      • updated_at (DATETIME, 更新时间)
    2. 教材表(textbooks)

      • id (INT, 主键)
      • title (VARCHAR, 教材名称)
      • author (VARCHAR, 作者)
      • publisher (VARCHAR, 出版社)
      • isbn (VARCHAR, ISBN编号)
      • quantity (INT, 库存数量)
      • created_at (DATETIME, 创建时间)
      • updated_at (DATETIME, 更新时间)
    3. 申请表(applications)

      • id (INT, 主键)
      • user_id (INT, 外键,关联用户表)
      • textbook_id (INT, 外键,关联教材表)
      • quantity (INT, 申请数量)
      • status (VARCHAR, 申请状态)
      • created_at (DATETIME, 创建时间)
      • updated_at (DATETIME, 更新时间)
    5. 系统架构设计
    5.1 层次结构
    1. 表现层(Presentation Layer)

      • 负责接收用户的请求,并返回处理结果。
      • 使用PHP和HTML/CSS/JavaScript实现。
    2. 业务逻辑层(Business Logic Layer)

      • 负责处理具体的业务逻辑。
      • 使用PHP实现。
    3. 数据访问层(Data Access Layer)

      • 负责与数据库交互,执行增删改查操作。
      • 使用PHP的PDO扩展实现。
    5.2 控制器(Controller)

    控制器负责处理用户的请求,并调用相应的模型方法。示例如下:

    
    session_start();
    
    // 连接数据库
    $host = 'localhost';
    $db = 'textbook_management';
    $user = 'root';
    $pass = '';
    
    try {
        $pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=$host;dbname=$db;charset=utf8", $user, $pass);
        $pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
    } catch (PDOException $e) {
        die("Could not connect to the database $db :" . $e->getMessage());
    }
    
    // 用户登录
    if (isset($_POST['login'])) {
        $username = $_POST['username'];
        $password = $_POST['password'];
    
        $stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = :username AND password = :password");
        $stmt->execute(['username' => $username, 'password' => $password]);
        $user = $stmt->fetch();
    
        if ($user) {
            $_SESSION['user'] = $user;
            header('Location: dashboard.php');
        } else {
            echo "Invalid username or password.";
        }
    }
    ?>
    
    5.3 模型(Model)

    模型负责处理数据的存取操作。示例如下:

    
    class Textbook {
        private $pdo;
    
        public function __construct($pdo) {
            $this->pdo = $pdo;
        }
    
        public function getAllTextbooks() {
            $stmt = $this->pdo->query("SELECT * FROM textbooks");
            return $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
        }
    
        public function addTextbook($title, $author, $publisher, $isbn, $quantity) {
            $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO textbooks (title, author, publisher, isbn, quantity) VALUES (:title, :author, :publisher, :isbn, :quantity)");
            $stmt->execute(['title' => $title, 'author' => $author, 'publisher' => $publisher, 'isbn' => $isbn, 'quantity' => $quantity]);
        }
    
        public function getTextbookById($id) {
            $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM textbooks WHERE id = :id");
            $stmt->execute(['id' => $id]);
            return $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
        }
    
        public function updateTextbook($id, $title, $author, $publisher, $isbn, $quantity) {
            $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("UPDATE textbooks SET title = :title, author = :author, publisher = :publisher, isbn = :isbn, quantity = :quantity WHERE id = :id");
            $stmt->execute(['id' => $id, 'title' => $title, 'author' => $author, 'publisher' => $publisher, 'isbn' => $isbn, 'quantity' => $quantity]);
        }
    
        public function deleteTextbook($id) {
            $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM textbooks WHERE id = :id");
            $stmt->execute(['id' => $id]);
        }
    }
    ?>
    
    5.4 视图(View)

    视图负责显示数据。示例如下:

    DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
        <title>教材列表title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
    head>
    <body>
        <div class="container">
            <h1>教材列表h1>
            <table class="table table-striped">
                <thead>
                    <tr>
                        <th>教材名称th>
                        <th>作者th>
                        <th>出版社th>
                        <th>ISBN编号th>
                        <th>库存数量th>
                        <th>操作th>
                    tr>
                thead>
                <tbody>
                    
                        <tr>
                            <td>td>
                            <td>td>
                            <td>td>
                            <td>td>
                            <td>td>
                            <td>
                                <a href="edit-textbook.php?id='id']; ?>" class="btn btn-primary">编辑a>
                                <a href="delete-textbook.php?id='id']; ?>" class="btn btn-danger">删除a>
                            td>
                        tr>
                    
                tbody>
            table>
            <a href="add-textbook.php" class="btn btn-success">添加教材a>
        div>
    body>
    html>
    
    6. 功能实现
    6.1 用户注册与登录
    • 注册页面(register.php)
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
        <title>注册</title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
    </head>
    <body>
        <div class="container">
            <h1>注册</h1>
            <form action="register.php" method="post">
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="username">用户名</label>
                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="username" name="username" required>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="password">密码</label>
                    <input type="password" class="form-control" id="password" name="password" required>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="role">角色</label>
                    <select class="form-control" id="role" name="role" required>
                        <option value="admin">管理员</option>
                        <option value="teacher">教师</option>
                        <option value="student">学生</option>
                    </select>
                </div>
                <button type="submit" name="register" class="btn btn-primary">注册</button>
            </form>
        </div>
    </body>
    </html>
    
    • 注册处理(register.php)
    
    session_start();
    
    // 连接数据库
    $host = 'localhost';
    $db = 'textbook_management';
    $user = 'root';
    $pass = '';
    
    try {
        $pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=$host;dbname=$db;charset=utf8", $user, $pass);
        $pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
    } catch (PDOException $e) {
        die("Could not connect to the database $db :" . $e->getMessage());
    }
    
    if (isset($_POST['register'])) {
        $username = $_POST['username'];
        $password = $_POST['password'];
        $role = $_POST['role'];
    
        $stmt = $pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO users (username, password, role) VALUES (:username, :password, :role)");
        $stmt->execute(['username' => $username, 'password' => $password, 'role' => $role]);
    
        echo "注册成功!";
    }
    ?>
    
    • 登录页面(login.php)
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
        <title>登录</title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
    </head>
    <body>
        <div class="container">
            <h1>登录</h1>
            <form action="login.php" method="post">
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="username">用户名</label>
                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="username" name="username" required>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="password">密码</label>
                    <input type="password" class="form-control" id="password" name="password" required>
                </div>
                <button type="submit" name="login" class="btn btn-primary">登录</button>
            </form>
        </div>
    </body>
    </html>
    
    • 登录处理(login.php)
    
    session_start();
    
    // 连接数据库
    $host = 'localhost';
    $db = 'textbook_management';
    $user = 'root';
    $pass = '';
    
    try {
        $pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=$host;dbname=$db;charset=utf8", $user, $pass);
        $pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
    } catch (PDOException $e) {
        die("Could not connect to the database $db :" . $e->getMessage());
    }
    
    if (isset($_POST['login'])) {
        $username = $_POST['username'];
        $password = $_POST['password'];
    
        $stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = :username AND password = :password");
        $stmt->execute(['username' => $username, 'password' => $password]);
        $user = $stmt->fetch();
    
        if ($user) {
            $_SESSION['user'] = $user;
            header('Location: dashboard.php');
        } else {
            echo "Invalid username or password.";
        }
    }
    ?>
    
    6.2 教材管理
    • 添加教材页面(add-textbook.php)
    
    session_start();
    
    if (!isset($_SESSION['user']) || $_SESSION['user']['role'] !== 'admin') {
        header('Location: login.php');
        exit;
    }
    
    $pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=textbook_management;charset=utf8", "root", "");
    
    if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {
        $title = $_POST['title'];
        $author = $_POST['author'];
        $publisher = $_POST['publisher'];
        $isbn = $_POST['isbn'];
        $quantity = $_POST['quantity'];
    
        $textbook = new Textbook($pdo);
        $textbook->addTextbook($title, $author, $publisher, $isbn, $quantity);
    
        header('Location: manage-textbooks.php');
    }
    ?>
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
        <title>添加教材</title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
    </head>
    <body>
        <div class="container">
            <h1>添加教材</h1>
            <form action="add-textbook.php" method="post">
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="title">教材名称</label>
                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="title" name="title" required>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="author">作者</label>
                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="author" name="author" required>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="publisher">出版社</label>
                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="publisher" name="publisher" required>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="isbn">ISBN编号</label>
                    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="isbn" name="isbn" required>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="quantity">库存数量</label>
                    <input type="number" class="form-control" id="quantity" name="quantity" min="0" required>
                </div>
                <button type="submit" name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">添加</button>
            </form>
        </div>
    </body>
    </html>
    
    6.3 教材申请管理
    • 教师申请教材页面(apply-textbook.php)
    
    session_start();
    
    if (!isset($_SESSION['user']) || $_SESSION['user']['role'] !== 'teacher') {
        header('Location: login.php');
        exit;
    }
    
    $pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=textbook_management;charset=utf8", "root", "");
    
    $textbook = new Textbook($pdo);
    $textbooks = $textbook->getAllTextbooks();
    
    if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {
        $user_id = $_SESSION['user']['id'];
        $textbook_id = $_POST['textbook_id'];
        $quantity = $_POST['quantity'];
    
        $stmt = $pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO applications (user_id, textbook_id, quantity, status) VALUES (:user_id, :textbook_id, :quantity, 'pending')");
        $stmt->execute(['user_id' => $user_id, 'textbook_id' => $textbook_id, 'quantity' => $quantity]);
    
        header('Location: my-applications.php');
    }
    ?>
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
        <title>申请教材</title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
    </head>
    <body>
        <div class="container">
            <h1>申请教材</h1>
            <form action="apply-textbook.php" method="post">
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="textbook_id">教材</label>
                    <select class="form-control" id="textbook_id" name="textbook_id" required>
                        <?php foreach ($textbooks as $textbook): ?>
                            <option value="$textbook['id']; ?>"><?php echo $textbook['title']; ?> (库存: <?php echo $textbook['quantity']; ?>)</option>
                        <?php endforeach; ?>
                    </select>
                </div>
                <div class="form-group">
                    <label for="quantity">申请数量</label>
                    <input type="number" class="form-control" id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" required>
                </div>
                <button type="submit" name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">申请</button>
            </form>
        </div>
    </body>
    </html>
    
    7. 安全性设计

    为了保证系统的安全性,需要实现以下功能:

    • 用户认证:使用PHP会话管理进行用户认证和授权。
    • 数据校验:在控制器层进行输入参数的校验,防止SQL注入等攻击。
    • 日志记录:记录关键操作的日志,便于审计和故障排查。
    8. 测试与部署
    • 单元测试:使用PHPUnit进行单元测试,确保各个模块的功能正确。
    • 集成测试:进行集成测试,确保各个模块之间的协同工作正常。
    • 部署:将应用程序部署到Apache服务器上,确保在生产环境中运行稳定。
    9. 源代码

    由于篇幅限制,无法完整展示所有源代码。以下是部分核心代码示例:

    9.1 教材申请实体类(Application.php)
    
    class Application {
        private $pdo;
    
        public function __construct($pdo) {
            $this->pdo = $pdo;
        }
    
        public function getAllApplications() {
            $stmt = $this->pdo->query("SELECT a.*, u.username, t.title FROM applications a JOIN users u ON a.user_id = u.id JOIN textbooks t ON a.textbook_id = t.id");
            return $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
        }
    
        public function getApplicationsByUserId($user_id) {
            $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT a.*, t.title FROM applications a JOIN textbooks t ON a.textbook_id = t.id WHERE a.user_id = :user_id");
            $stmt->execute(['user_id' => $user_id]);
            return $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
        }
    
        public function approveApplication($id) {
            $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("UPDATE applications SET status = 'approved' WHERE id = :id");
            $stmt->execute(['id' => $id]);
        }
    
        public function rejectApplication($id) {
            $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("UPDATE applications SET status = 'rejected' WHERE id = :id");
            $stmt->execute(['id' => $id]);
        }
    }
    ?>
    
    9.2 查看我的申请页面(my-applications.php)
    
    session_start();
    
    if (!isset($_SESSION['user'])) {
        header('Location: login.php');
        exit;
    }
    
    $pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=textbook_management;charset=utf8", "root", "");
    
    $application = new Application($pdo);
    $applications = $application->getApplicationsByUserId($_SESSION['user']['id']);
    ?>
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
        <title>我的申请</title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">
    </head>
    <body>
        <div class="container">
            <h1>我的申请</h1>
            <table class="table table-striped">
                <thead>
                    <tr>
                        <th>教材名称</th>
                        <th>申请数量</th>
                        <th>申请状态</th>
                        <th>操作</th>
                    </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                    <?php foreach ($applications as $application): ?>
                        <tr>
                            <td><?php echo $application['title']; ?></td>
                            <td><?php echo $application['quantity']; ?></td>
                            <td><?php echo $application['status']; ?></td>
                            <td>
                                <?php if ($application['status'] === 'pending'): ?>
                                    <a href="cancel-application.php?id=$application['id']; ?>" class="btn btn-danger">取消申请</a>
                                <?php endif; ?>
                            </td>
                        </tr>
                    <?php endforeach; ?>
                </tbody>
            </table>
            <a href="apply-textbook.php" class="btn btn-primary">申请教材</a>
        </div>
    </body>
    </html>
    
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  • 原文地址:https://blog.csdn.net/MAMA6681/article/details/143376892