• openvpn组网技术原理及配置过程(centos服务器/安卓客户端/linux客户端)


         最近研究了一段时间的openvpn组网技术,也试着搭建了一个openvpn环境,大概理解了其中使用的一些技术原理,还是记录一下。本篇文章对专业搞网络的人也许用处不大,但是对于初次接触这些技术(比如vpn,代理技术,加密隧道,防火墙,路由,局域网组网)的人还是有一定价值的,便于理清整个vpn组网技术的脉络,也可以在遇到问题的时候自己排查。

          openvpn是众多vpn种类的一种,是一个开源的产品,也是应用最广泛的一种vpn。支持的平台很多,我们常用的系统平台linux,window,安卓都支持。我搭建的openvpn服务端是运行在centos上,客户端是运行在安卓手机上的。其实不管运行在哪个平台,配置基本都是一样的。openvpn还有一个重要的功能是可以使用UDP协议传输数据,这相对于使用TCP传输数据的vpn,速度要快很多。

         openvpn能构建一个虚拟专用网络(VPN),很多人也许不是很了解这句话包含的内容。一个是“虚拟的”,说的是这个网络内的各个主机在地理位置上,可能不是在相邻的地域,可能在地球的两端,可能横跨了整个互联网。这样看起来,这个网络就不像一个局域网,但是在逻辑上,是真正意义上的一个局域网。”虚拟“其实重点是指数据传输的通道上,这个通道是虚拟的,主机的网卡也是虚拟的,不是真实的网卡。还有一个形容词”专用“,这个就是指能和外部网络隔绝起来,为了不被外部网络影响,数据不被窥伺窃取篡改,VPN网络中两个主机之间的通信数据都会经过加密,这样的加密通信通道我们就称之为加密隧道。并且任何一台主机想要加入这个网络,都需要经过严格的认证授权。

          VPN的数据包是在TCP/UDP数据包的基础上做了一层封装,这个封装的数据里就是VPN网络里面的局域网数据包,其中和正常的TCP/UDP数据包一样,也有源ip端口,目的ip端口。当然,这些局域网的数据包信息,只有解密了才能看到,外部即使截获了这个数据包,也解密不了其中的数据。这个数据包(也许是在互联网上)经过了漫长的传输后,到达最终目的地后才会能被正确的解密,递交给上层应用。

          安装VPN客户端的主机上,当认证授权成功后加入VPN网络,都会新增一个虚拟网卡,作为VPN网络通信的专用网卡,VPN服务器启动成功后也一样虚拟出这个专用网卡。网卡的名称一般为tun0,就像下面的:

    一、openvpn数据收发工作原理      

    其中openvpn收发数据处理过程,我大致画了一下,如下图:

            上面的VPN主机1就相当于openvpn的客户端,VPN主机2就相当于openvpn的服务器。其中eth0网卡是真实的网卡,对外连接外部网络,tun0是openvpn的虚拟出来的网卡,专门处理openvpn的数据。

           数据发送进程,想要给VPN网络中的其他节点发送数据,就使用对端局域网的ip来发送,也就是10.8.0.2这个ip。这个数据发送进程发送的数据,先交给内核的协议栈进行TCP/IP数据包的封装,这个TCP/IP数据包经过本地路由后,本地的路由会直接交给tun0网卡(注意,此处还有一个重要的角色本地路由表),因为tun0网卡是openvpn这个进程虚拟出来的网卡,数据包交给tun0网卡后都会经过openvpn这个进程的处理,openvpn会把收到的数据用自己的openvpn协议进行封装,然后加密成密文(这个加密过程应该是使用开源的ssl或者tls协议),加密完成后就发送给对端(数据接收端)的openvpn进程。至于是怎么知道接收端的openvpn进程的ip端口的,是在开始的时候openvpn客户端和服务端的一些列认证完成后,这个连接才能建立成功的。发送端的openvpn进行把密文数据发出后,也会经过内核的协议栈,进行TCP/IP的协议组包,然后再次经过本地的路由表进行路由,路由表会把这个TCP/IP包交给外网出口网卡eth0发送出去。此时,整个数据的发送过程结束。

           VPN主机1从网卡eth0发送的TCP/IP数据包,经过漫长的路由和转发,最终到达目的地,也就是,数据包通过VPN主机2的外网网卡eth0进入,内核协议栈解析这个TCP/IP数据包,知道这个数据包的目的ip端口号(2.2.2.2:1194),于是交给了openvpn进程(openvpn接收进程)处理。openvpn进程对接收到的数据先进行解密,得到openvpn协议数据,然后把VPN主机1数据发送进程发送的数据,转发到tun0网卡(这个转发的处理过程不是很清楚,究竟是重新组TCP/IP包还是原样把发送进程经过tun0网卡后的TCP/IP包转发,我们不去深究,最终的到达VPN主机2的tun0网卡时都是一样的),数据到达tun0网卡后也会经过内核去分发,内核协议栈把TCP/IP的包头都去掉,只把数据部分交给数据接收进程。

         至此,数据收发的过程完成。

    二、openvpn认证(加密隧道建立)

         上面的章节,介绍了openvpn网络中两个主机的数据收发过程,但是两个主机在能进行数据收发前,要先建立数据传输通道,这个就是加入openvpn网络的认证过程。数据通道的建立的过程,也是openvpn客户端和服务端进行协商的过程。openvpn采用ssl协议通信,既然采用ssl,那么就会有证书验证,协商对称加密密钥的过程。需要生成ca证书,服务端证书客户端证书等。具体的原理这里不细说,可以自行去谷歌。openvpn客户端认证通过后就和服务端建立了一条加密隧道,也就是一条安全的数据通道。

    三、路由表在openvpn组网中的作用

              在第一部分介绍原理的时候,说发往数据接收端ip10.8.0.2的数据包,都转发给tun0网卡处理,这是怎么做到的?答案就是路由表。在openvpn客户端和服务器之间认证通过后,openvpn客户端就会修改我们本地的路由表,添加一条路由记录,指示本地路由收到发往ip10.8.0.2的数据包,都交给tun0网卡转发。

            除了上面提到的第一个作用之外,在openvpn工作的过程中,路由表还有一个作用,就是把本地所有的数据包(流量)都路由到openvpn服务端的机器上,也就是把openvpn服务端的机器,作为本地机器的网关。把openvpn服务端作为网关的一个作用是,可以让openvpn局域网中的节点,通过openvpn服务端机器访问互联网,作为外网的出口。就类似我们平常用路由器上网的网络拓扑结构,路由器(openvpn服务端所在机器)作为NAT设备,代理接入互联网。真正起到NAT作用的是服务端所在主机的防火墙进程,而不是openvpn服务端进程。linux下的防火墙也是一门高深的技术,功能十分强大。

           openvpn客户端认证成功后,路由表的信息类似以下的截图:

    tun0网卡的信息如下:

      即openvpn客户端认证接入openvpn服务器后,分配到的局域网ip是10.8.0.6,服务器本身的局域网ip是10.8.0.5,这是一个点对点的网络。红线圈住的那几条就是openvpn新增的路由规则,其中第一条就是把openvpn服务端作为网关的路由规则。

    四、openvpn安装配置过程

    1、服务器端(centos)

            我的服务端是部署在centos操作系统上的,安装openvpn就很简单了,直接用yum命令安装:

           yum install -y openvpn

           linux下安装的openvpn,客户端和服务端是一起的,运行的是服务端还是客户端,主要取决于配置文件。这个跟stunnel类似。

          安装完成后,会有同时安装一些配置样例文件,用下面的命令进行查找:

          find / -name "*openvpn*"

    一般是/usr/share/doc/openvpn-xxx目录下,xxx是版本号。其中我们需要的几个文件就在sample/sample-config-files目录下,如下图:

    安装服务端的时候,我们复制firewall.sh、openvpn-shutdown.sh、openvpn-startup.sh、server.conf这几个文件到一个单独的目录下,比如/root/openvpn-server,如果你能看懂这几个配置文件里面的信息,就可以对应着修改一下,以符合你的部署要求。

    下面是我修改以后的配置:

    openvpn-startup.sh文件:

    1. #!/bin/sh
    2. # A sample OpenVPN startup script
    3. # for Linux.
    4. # openvpn config file directory
    5. # 此处获取当前目录路径
    6. dir=`pwd`
    7. # load the firewall
    8. # 调用firewall.sh脚本配置防火墙
    9. $dir/firewall.sh
    10. #iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
    11. # load TUN/TAP kernel module
    12. modprobe tun
    13. # enable IP forwarding 打开ipv4的转发功能
    14. echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
    15. # Invoke openvpn for each VPN tunnel
    16. # in daemon mode. Alternatively,
    17. # you could remove "--daemon" from
    18. # the command line and add "daemon"
    19. # to the config file.
    20. #
    21. # Each tunnel should run on a separate
    22. # UDP port. Use the "port" option
    23. # to control this. Like all of
    24. # OpenVPN's options, you can
    25. # specify "--port 8000" on the command
    26. # line or "port 8000" in the config
    27. # file.
    28. # 启动openvpn服务端
    29. openvpn --cd $dir --daemon --config server.conf

    firewall.sh文件:

    1. #!/bin/sh
    2. # A Sample OpenVPN-aware firewall.
    3. # eth0 is connected to the internet.
    4. # eth1 is connected to a private subnet.
    5. # Change this subnet to correspond to your private
    6. # ethernet subnet. Home will use HOME_NET/24 and
    7. # Office will use OFFICE_NET/24.
    8. PRIVATE=10.8.0.0/24
    9. # Loopback address
    10. LOOP=127.0.0.1
    11. # Delete old iptables rules
    12. # and temporarily block all traffic.
    13. iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
    14. iptables -P INPUT DROP
    15. iptables -P FORWARD DROP
    16. # 这条是删除原有的防火墙规则,删除的是filter表的规则,filter表的规则部分是作用在INPUT链上的
    17. iptables -F
    18. # Set default policies 重新设置链的默认策略
    19. iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
    20. iptables -P INPUT DROP
    21. iptables -P FORWARD DROP
    22. # Prevent external packets from using loopback addr 这里是避免外部发来的数据包的源地址和目的
    23. # 地址是回环地址,从而错误的递交给本地的进程。这应该是避免攻击的一些手段
    24. iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s $LOOP -j DROP
    25. iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -s $LOOP -j DROP
    26. iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -d $LOOP -j DROP
    27. iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -d $LOOP -j DROP
    28. # Anything coming from the Internet should have a real Internet address
    29. # 这里是对一些有可能是错误发送的包进行丢弃
    30. iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j DROP
    31. iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -s 172.16.0.0/12 -j DROP
    32. iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
    33. iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j DROP
    34. iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 172.16.0.0/12 -j DROP
    35. iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
    36. # Block outgoing NetBios (if you have windows machines running
    37. # on the private subnet). This will not affect any NetBios
    38. # traffic that flows over the VPN tunnel, but it will stop
    39. # local windows machines from broadcasting themselves to
    40. # the internet.
    41. # 这里是对windows的一些服务端口进行屏蔽,我们是linux不用管
    42. iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp --sport 137:139 -o eth0 -j DROP
    43. iptables -A FORWARD -p udp --sport 137:139 -o eth0 -j DROP
    44. iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --sport 137:139 -o eth0 -j DROP
    45. iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp --sport 137:139 -o eth0 -j DROP
    46. # Check source address validity on packets going out to internet
    47. #iptables -A FORWARD -s ! $PRIVATE -i eth1 -j DROP
    48. #iptables -A FORWARD -m iprange ! --src-range 10.0.0.0-10.0.0.255 -i eth1 -j DROP
    49. # Allow local loopback 这里是对回环地址放行
    50. iptables -A INPUT -s $LOOP -j ACCEPT
    51. iptables -A INPUT -d $LOOP -j ACCEPT
    52. # Allow incoming pings (can be disabled) 这里是对icmp协议放行,也就是能响应ping命令
    53. iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT
    54. # Allow services such as www and ssh (can be disabled) 这里是对常用的服务端口入栈放行
    55. iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport http -j ACCEPT
    56. iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport ssh -j ACCEPT
    57. iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 6679 -j ACCEPT
    58. # Allow incoming OpenVPN packets
    59. # Duplicate the line below for each
    60. # OpenVPN tunnel, changing --dport n
    61. # to match the OpenVPN UDP port.
    62. #
    63. # In OpenVPN, the port number is
    64. # controlled by the --port n option.
    65. # If you put this option in the config
    66. # file, you can remove the leading '--'
    67. #
    68. # If you taking the stateful firewall
    69. # approach (see the OpenVPN HOWTO),
    70. # then comment out the line below.
    71. # 这里是自己想要放行的端口和协议数据,有其他端口可以自行添加
    72. iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT
    73. iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 9981 -j ACCEPT
    74. iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 9981 -j ACCEPT
    75. iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 6379 -j ACCEPT
    76. iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 6379 -j ACCEPT
    77. iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 6680 -j ACCEPT
    78. iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 6680 -j ACCEPT
    79. iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 1723 -j ACCEPT
    80. # Allow packets from TUN/TAP devices.
    81. # When OpenVPN is run in a secure mode,
    82. # it will authenticate packets prior
    83. # to their arriving on a tun or tap
    84. # interface. Therefore, it is not
    85. # necessary to add any filters here,
    86. # unless you want to restrict the
    87. # type of packets which can flow over
    88. # the tunnel.
    89. # 这里主要是对tun+网卡和tap+网卡的入栈和转发数据包放行,+号应该表示的是一个通配符
    90. iptables -A INPUT -i tun+ -j ACCEPT
    91. iptables -A FORWARD -i tun+ -j ACCEPT
    92. iptables -A INPUT -i tap+ -j ACCEPT
    93. iptables -A FORWARD -i tap+ -j ACCEPT
    94. # Allow packets from private subnets 这里是对eth1网卡的入栈和转发数据包放行
    95. iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -j ACCEPT
    96. iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -j ACCEPT
    97. # Keep state of connections from local machine and private subnets
    98. # 这里是放行状态为NEW的出栈数据包
    99. iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state NEW -o eth0 -j ACCEPT
    100. # 这里放行已经建立连接和关联的入栈数据包
    101. iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
    102. # 这里放行需要转发的包,有这两条,本机才能作为NAT代理客户端访问互联网
    103. iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state NEW -o eth0 -j ACCEPT
    104. iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
    105. # Masquerade local subnet
    106. # 对于需要通过openvpn服务端访问外网的客户端节点,这个防火墙配置是必需的,也是最重要的配置
    107. # 这个防火墙的配置是将路由后的源IP地址是10.8.0.0/24,输出网卡是eth0的数据包的源ip地址进行修改,改成本机的ip地址,这样响应数据包才能正确的给我们转发回来
    108. iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $PRIVATE -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE

    这个防火墙配置,比较考验技术,新手一般看不懂,除非对防火墙的原理很熟悉,如果要介绍完全这些防火墙配置,需要另一篇长篇大论 。这个配置是根据样例文件修改后的,大体还是不变,只做了小部分的修改。这个官方给的样例,是对防火墙规则做了严密的设计。如果你对安全性要求不高,可以将防火墙的INPUT、FORWARD、OUTPUT链的策略都改成ACCEPT,那么就只需要少许的防火墙配置就能达到目的,比如如下的配置(没有实际调试过,不保证正确性):

    1. PRIVATE=10.8.0.0/24
    2. # 清空原有INPUT链的防火墙规则
    3. iptables -F
    4. # 放行所有输出包
    5. iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
    6. # 放行所有输入包
    7. iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT
    8. # 放行所有需要转发的包
    9. iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
    10. # 对于需要通过openvpn服务端访问外网的客户端节点,这个防火墙配置是必需的,也是最重要的配置
    11. # 这个防火墙的配置是将路由后的源IP地址是10.8.0.0/24,输出网卡是eth0的数据包的源ip地址进行修改,改成本机的ip地址,这样响应数据包才能正确的给我们转发回来
    12. iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $PRIVATE -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE

    server.conf文件:

    1. #################################################
    2. # Sample OpenVPN 2.0 config file for #
    3. # multi-client server. #
    4. # #
    5. # This file is for the server side #
    6. # of a many-clients <-> one-server #
    7. # OpenVPN configuration. #
    8. # #
    9. # OpenVPN also supports #
    10. # single-machine <-> single-machine #
    11. # configurations (See the Examples page #
    12. # on the web site for more info). #
    13. # #
    14. # This config should work on Windows #
    15. # or Linux/BSD systems. Remember on #
    16. # Windows to quote pathnames and use #
    17. # double backslashes, e.g.: #
    18. # "C:\\Program Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\foo.key" #
    19. # #
    20. # Comments are preceded with '#' or ';' #
    21. #################################################
    22. # Which local IP address should OpenVPN
    23. # listen on? (optional)
    24. ;local a.b.c.d
    25. # Which TCP/UDP port should OpenVPN listen on?
    26. # If you want to run multiple OpenVPN instances
    27. # on the same machine, use a different port
    28. # number for each one. You will need to
    29. # open up this port on your firewall.
    30. # 这个是监听端口
    31. port 6379
    32. # TCP or UDP server?
    33. # 使用的协议,推荐使用udp协议,速度会快两三倍
    34. proto tcp
    35. ;proto udp
    36. # "dev tun" will create a routed IP tunnel,
    37. # "dev tap" will create an ethernet tunnel.
    38. # Use "dev tap0" if you are ethernet bridging
    39. # and have precreated a tap0 virtual interface
    40. # and bridged it with your ethernet interface.
    41. # If you want to control access policies
    42. # over the VPN, you must create firewall
    43. # rules for the the TUN/TAP interface.
    44. # On non-Windows systems, you can give
    45. # an explicit unit number, such as tun0.
    46. # On Windows, use "dev-node" for this.
    47. # On most systems, the VPN will not function
    48. # unless you partially or fully disable
    49. # the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface.
    50. # 这里我们就使用tun,tap是以太网桥接方式,没有深究
    51. ;dev tap
    52. dev tun
    53. # Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name
    54. # from the Network Connections panel if you
    55. # have more than one. On XP SP2 or higher,
    56. # you may need to selectively disable the
    57. # Windows firewall for the TAP adapter.
    58. # Non-Windows systems usually don't need this.
    59. ;dev-node MyTap
    60. # SSL/TLS root certificate (ca), certificate
    61. # (cert), and private key (key). Each client
    62. # and the server must have their own cert and
    63. # key file. The server and all clients will
    64. # use the same ca file.
    65. #
    66. # See the "easy-rsa" directory for a series
    67. # of scripts for generating RSA certificates
    68. # and private keys. Remember to use
    69. # a unique Common Name for the server
    70. # and each of the client certificates.
    71. #
    72. # Any X509 key management system can be used.
    73. # OpenVPN can also use a PKCS #12 formatted key file
    74. # (see "pkcs12" directive in man page).
    75. # 这里配置ca证书,服务端证书,服务端密钥
    76. ca ./crt/ca.crt
    77. cert ./crt/server.crt
    78. key ./crt/server.key # This file should be kept secret
    79. # Diffie hellman parameters.
    80. # Generate your own with:
    81. # openssl dhparam -out dh2048.pem 2048
    82. # 都告诉你了,直接使用命令openssl dhparam -out dh2048.pem 2048生成,具体作用可以自行谷歌
    83. dh ./crt/dh2048.pem
    84. # Network topology
    85. # Should be subnet (addressing via IP)
    86. # unless Windows clients v2.0.9 and lower have to
    87. # be supported (then net30, i.e. a /30 per client)
    88. # Defaults to net30 (not recommended)
    89. ;topology subnet
    90. # Configure server mode and supply a VPN subnet
    91. # for OpenVPN to draw client addresses from.
    92. # The server will take 10.8.0.1 for itself,
    93. # the rest will be made available to clients.
    94. # Each client will be able to reach the server
    95. # on 10.8.0.1. Comment this line out if you are
    96. # ethernet bridging. See the man page for more info.
    97. # 这里配置openvpn网络,包括ip和子网掩码,我们就用默认的
    98. server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
    99. # Maintain a record of client <-> virtual IP address
    100. # associations in this file. If OpenVPN goes down or
    101. # is restarted, reconnecting clients can be assigned
    102. # the same virtual IP address from the pool that was
    103. # previously assigned.
    104. # 这里是为了保证同一个客户端多次连接后分配给相同的局域网ip地址
    105. ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt
    106. # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging.
    107. # You must first use your OS's bridging capability
    108. # to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet
    109. # NIC interface. Then you must manually set the
    110. # IP/netmask on the bridge interface, here we
    111. # assume 10.8.0.4/255.255.255.0. Finally we
    112. # must set aside an IP range in this subnet
    113. # (start=10.8.0.50 end=10.8.0.100) to allocate
    114. # to connecting clients. Leave this line commented
    115. # out unless you are ethernet bridging.
    116. ;server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.50 10.8.0.100
    117. # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging
    118. # using a DHCP-proxy, where clients talk
    119. # to the OpenVPN server-side DHCP server
    120. # to receive their IP address allocation
    121. # and DNS server addresses. You must first use
    122. # your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP
    123. # interface with the ethernet NIC interface.
    124. # Note: this mode only works on clients (such as
    125. # Windows), where the client-side TAP adapter is
    126. # bound to a DHCP client.
    127. ;server-bridge
    128. # Push routes to the client to allow it
    129. # to reach other private subnets behind
    130. # the server. Remember that these
    131. # private subnets will also need
    132. # to know to route the OpenVPN client
    133. # address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0)
    134. # back to the OpenVPN server.
    135. ;push "route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0"
    136. ;push "route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0"
    137. # To assign specific IP addresses to specific
    138. # clients or if a connecting client has a private
    139. # subnet behind it that should also have VPN access,
    140. # use the subdirectory "ccd" for client-specific
    141. # configuration files (see man page for more info).
    142. # EXAMPLE: Suppose the client
    143. # having the certificate common name "Thelonious"
    144. # also has a small subnet behind his connecting
    145. # machine, such as 192.168.40.128/255.255.255.248.
    146. # First, uncomment out these lines:
    147. ;client-config-dir ccd
    148. ;route 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248
    149. # Then create a file ccd/Thelonious with this line:
    150. # iroute 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248
    151. # This will allow Thelonious' private subnet to
    152. # access the VPN. This example will only work
    153. # if you are routing, not bridging, i.e. you are
    154. # using "dev tun" and "server" directives.
    155. # EXAMPLE: Suppose you want to give
    156. # Thelonious a fixed VPN IP address of 10.9.0.1.
    157. # First uncomment out these lines:
    158. ;client-config-dir ccd
    159. ;route 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.252
    160. # Then add this line to ccd/Thelonious:
    161. # ifconfig-push 10.9.0.1 10.9.0.2
    162. # Suppose that you want to enable different
    163. # firewall access policies for different groups
    164. # of clients. There are two methods:
    165. # (1) Run multiple OpenVPN daemons, one for each
    166. # group, and firewall the TUN/TAP interface
    167. # for each group/daemon appropriately.
    168. # (2) (Advanced) Create a script to dynamically
    169. # modify the firewall in response to access
    170. # from different clients. See man
    171. # page for more info on learn-address script.
    172. ;learn-address ./script
    173. # If enabled, this directive will configure
    174. # all clients to redirect their default
    175. # network gateway through the VPN, causing
    176. # all IP traffic such as web browsing and
    177. # and DNS lookups to go through the VPN
    178. # (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT
    179. # or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet
    180. # in order for this to work properly).
    181. # 这里是将客户端的所有流量定向到服务器端,也就是让客户端修改自己的路由表
    182. # 把服务器端的局域网ip地址作为网关,在上面的《三、路由表在openvpn组网中的作用》中有提到
    183. push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp"
    184. # Certain Windows-specific network settings
    185. # can be pushed to clients, such as DNS
    186. # or WINS server addresses. CAVEAT:
    187. # http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats
    188. # The addresses below refer to the public
    189. # DNS servers provided by opendns.com.
    190. # 这里是给客户端推送DNS服务器地址,如果没有这个推送,客户端还是会用本地默认的DNS地址,有可能导致
    191. # DNS解析失败,这个我是使用命令查看服务器本地的DNS服务器:cat /etc/resolv.conf
    192. # 你也可以使用其他的DNS服务器,只要客户端能正确解析出域名
    193. push "dhcp-option DNS 100.100.2.136"
    194. push "dhcp-option DNS 100.100.2.138"
    195. # Uncomment this directive to allow different
    196. # clients to be able to "see" each other.
    197. # By default, clients will only see the server.
    198. # To force clients to only see the server, you
    199. # will also need to appropriately firewall the
    200. # server's TUN/TAP interface.
    201. # 这里是配置让接入到服务器的多个客户端彼此能看到对方,即能正常通信
    202. client-to-client
    203. # Uncomment this directive if multiple clients
    204. # might connect with the same certificate/key
    205. # files or common names. This is recommended
    206. # only for testing purposes. For production use,
    207. # each client should have its own certificate/key
    208. # pair.
    209. #
    210. # IF YOU HAVE NOT GENERATED INDIVIDUAL
    211. # CERTIFICATE/KEY PAIRS FOR EACH CLIENT,
    212. # EACH HAVING ITS OWN UNIQUE "COMMON NAME",
    213. # UNCOMMENT THIS LINE OUT.
    214. # 这里允许使用同一个证书的多个客户端登录
    215. duplicate-cn
    216. # The keepalive directive causes ping-like
    217. # messages to be sent back and forth over
    218. # the link so that each side knows when
    219. # the other side has gone down.
    220. # Ping every 10 seconds, assume that remote
    221. # peer is down if no ping received during
    222. # a 120 second time period.
    223. keepalive 10 120
    224. # For extra security beyond that provided
    225. # by SSL/TLS, create an "HMAC firewall"
    226. # to help block DoS attacks and UDP port flooding.
    227. #
    228. # Generate with:
    229. # openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key
    230. #
    231. # The server and each client must have
    232. # a copy of this key.
    233. # The second parameter should be '0'
    234. # on the server and '1' on the clients.
    235. # 这里的ta.key文件也是根据命令openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key直接生成
    236. tls-auth ./crt/ta.key 0 # This file is secret
    237. # Select a cryptographic cipher.
    238. # This config item must be copied to
    239. # the client config file as well.
    240. # Note that v2.4 client/server will automatically
    241. # negotiate AES-256-GCM in TLS mode.
    242. # See also the ncp-cipher option in the manpage
    243. # 这里是指定对称加密算法,服务端和客户的配置要一样
    244. cipher AES-256-GCM
    245. # Enable compression on the VPN link and push the
    246. # option to the client (v2.4+ only, for earlier
    247. # versions see below)
    248. # 这里是允许压缩,并且把这个压缩配置推送给了客户端,客户端可以不用配置
    249. compress lz4-v2
    250. push "compress lz4-v2"
    251. # For compression compatible with older clients use comp-lzo
    252. # If you enable it here, you must also
    253. # enable it in the client config file.
    254. ;comp-lzo
    255. # The maximum number of concurrently connected
    256. # clients we want to allow.
    257. ;max-clients 100
    258. # It's a good idea to reduce the OpenVPN
    259. # daemon's privileges after initialization.
    260. #
    261. # You can uncomment this out on
    262. # non-Windows systems.
    263. # 这里设置openvpn允许使用的角色和用户组
    264. user root
    265. group root
    266. # The persist options will try to avoid
    267. # accessing certain resources on restart
    268. # that may no longer be accessible because
    269. # of the privilege downgrade.
    270. # 这里不是很懂,直接保持原样,没有这个有时候会报错
    271. persist-key
    272. persist-tun
    273. # Output a short status file showing
    274. # current connections, truncated
    275. # and rewritten every minute.
    276. # 这里是每分钟记录客户端的状态
    277. status openvpn-status.log
    278. # By default, log messages will go to the syslog (or
    279. # on Windows, if running as a service, they will go to
    280. # the "\Program Files\OpenVPN\log" directory).
    281. # Use log or log-append to override this default.
    282. # "log" will truncate the log file on OpenVPN startup,
    283. # while "log-append" will append to it. Use one
    284. # or the other (but not both).
    285. # 这里是日志输出文件,log是每次启动覆盖之前的日志,log-append会往后追加,不要同时配置两个
    286. log ./openvpn.log
    287. ;log-append ./openvpn.log
    288. # Set the appropriate level of log
    289. # file verbosity.
    290. #
    291. # 0 is silent, except for fatal errors
    292. # 4 is reasonable for general usage
    293. # 5 and 6 can help to debug connection problems
    294. # 9 is extremely verbose
    295. # 这里是日志输出等级,数字越高,日志越详细
    296. verb 3
    297. # Silence repeating messages. At most 20
    298. # sequential messages of the same message
    299. # category will be output to the log.
    300. ;mute 20
    301. # Notify the client that when the server restarts so it
    302. # can automatically reconnect.
    303. ;explicit-exit-notify 1

    这个server.conf服务端配置文件也是根据样例文件做的一些修改。一些比较重要的配置我已经标注出来了。证书的话需要自己制作,使用openssl命令就可以生成。参考:OPenSSL-生成证书-CSDN博客

           openvpn-shutdown.sh文件就不用改了,所有配置都配好就就可以启动openvpn服务器:

           ./openvpn-startup.sh

    如果有报错就看当前目录下的openvpn.log文件查看错误 

          检查是否启动成功:

          netstat -nlap | grep openvpn

    看到6379端口在监听就说明启动成功

    2、客户端(centos)

            服务端启动成功后,可以使用linux的客户端连接一下,看能不能正常工作,一般都不会一次成功,都会有各种各样的问题。

             centos系统上的openvpn客户端和服务端是不区分的,前面讲服务的部署的时候提到有一个client.conf的样例配置文件,我也是拿这个来改了一下。

    client.conf文件如下:

    1. ##############################################
    2. # Sample client-side OpenVPN 2.0 config file #
    3. # for connecting to multi-client server. #
    4. # #
    5. # This configuration can be used by multiple #
    6. # clients, however each client should have #
    7. # its own cert and key files. #
    8. # #
    9. # On Windows, you might want to rename this #
    10. # file so it has a .ovpn extension #
    11. ##############################################
    12. # Specify that we are a client and that we
    13. # will be pulling certain config file directives
    14. # from the server.
    15. # 这里需要指明是客户端才行
    16. client
    17. # Use the same setting as you are using on
    18. # the server.
    19. # On most systems, the VPN will not function
    20. # unless you partially or fully disable
    21. # the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface.
    22. # 这里跟服务端的配置一样
    23. ;dev tap
    24. dev tun
    25. # Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name
    26. # from the Network Connections panel
    27. # if you have more than one. On XP SP2,
    28. # you may need to disable the firewall
    29. # for the TAP adapter.
    30. ;dev-node MyTap
    31. # Are we connecting to a TCP or
    32. # UDP server? Use the same setting as
    33. # on the server.
    34. # 这里是使用协议,必须跟服务端一致
    35. proto tcp
    36. ;proto udp
    37. # The hostname/IP and port of the server.
    38. # You can have multiple remote entries
    39. # to load balance between the servers.
    40. # 这里填服务器端的IP端口
    41. remote 1.1.1.1 6679
    42. #remote my-server-2 1194
    43. # Choose a random host from the remote
    44. # list for load-balancing. Otherwise
    45. # try hosts in the order specified.
    46. ;remote-random
    47. # Keep trying indefinitely to resolve the
    48. # host name of the OpenVPN server. Very useful
    49. # on machines which are not permanently connected
    50. # to the internet such as laptops.
    51. # 这里就用默认的配置
    52. resolv-retry infinite
    53. # Most clients don't need to bind to
    54. # a specific local port number.
    55. # 这里指明通信绑定的端口,一般都不指定,系统随机分配
    56. nobind
    57. # Downgrade privileges after initialization (non-Windows only)
    58. ;user nobody
    59. ;group nobody
    60. # Try to preserve some state across restarts.
    61. # 这里不是很懂用来干嘛的,看注释是重启的时候维持一些状态,我们就使用默认配置
    62. persist-key
    63. persist-tun
    64. # If you are connecting through an
    65. # HTTP proxy to reach the actual OpenVPN
    66. # server, put the proxy server/IP and
    67. # port number here. See the man page
    68. # if your proxy server requires
    69. # authentication.
    70. ;http-proxy-retry # retry on connection failures
    71. ;http-proxy [proxy server] [proxy port #]
    72. # Wireless networks often produce a lot
    73. # of duplicate packets. Set this flag
    74. # to silence duplicate packet warnings.
    75. ;mute-replay-warnings
    76. # SSL/TLS parms.
    77. # See the server config file for more
    78. # description. It's best to use
    79. # a separate .crt/.key file pair
    80. # for each client. A single ca
    81. # file can be used for all clients.
    82. # 这里就配置ssl通信用的ca证书,客户端证书,客户端私钥,可以指定路径,默认是当前目录
    83. ca ca.crt
    84. cert client.crt
    85. key client.key
    86. # Verify server certificate by checking that the
    87. # certicate has the correct key usage set.
    88. # This is an important precaution to protect against
    89. # a potential attack discussed here:
    90. # http://openvpn.net/howto.html#mitm
    91. #
    92. # To use this feature, you will need to generate
    93. # your server certificates with the keyUsage set to
    94. # digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
    95. # and the extendedKeyUsage to
    96. # serverAuth
    97. # EasyRSA can do this for you.
    98. # 这里需要注更改默认的配置,默认是打开的,因为我制作的服务端证书没有它指定的几个信息,我就不做校验了,当然你也可以按他的指示重新制作服务端证书,这个是为了避免潜在的攻击的
    99. #remote-cert-tls server
    100. # If a tls-auth key is used on the server
    101. # then every client must also have the key.
    102. # 这里配置tls认证key,这个就是服务器使用的ta.key,两端是同一个文件
    103. tls-auth ta.key 1
    104. # Select a cryptographic cipher.
    105. # If the cipher option is used on the server
    106. # then you must also specify it here.
    107. # Note that v2.4 client/server will automatically
    108. # negotiate AES-256-GCM in TLS mode.
    109. # See also the ncp-cipher option in the manpage
    110. # 加密算法,跟服务端要一致,但是我发现服务端配置的是AES-256-GCM,这里配置的是AES-256-CBC,也一样能正常加解密,比较奇怪,可能最终协商一致就可以
    111. cipher AES-256-CBC
    112. # Enable compression on the VPN link.
    113. # Don't enable this unless it is also
    114. # enabled in the server config file.
    115. #comp-lzo
    116. # Set log file verbosity.
    117. # 日志等级
    118. verb 3
    119. # Silence repeating messages
    120. ;mute 20
    121. # 服务端已经配置,这里不需要重新配置
    122. ;redirect-gateway autolocal

    配置完成后开始启动客户端:openvpn --config client.conf

    如果打印如下的日志,就是连接成功了

    连接成功后我们查看一下网卡配置:

     看到tun0网卡已经被创建好,服务端分配给我们客户端的ip是10.8.0.6,因为是点对点的网络,对端显示的ip是10.8.0.5,但是我们试着ping一下这个ip,发现ping不通,似乎这个ip是不存在的。但是我们此时去服务端查看一下服务端的tun0网卡的ip发现是10.8.0.1,于是尝试ping这个ip证明我们已经和服务端建立了通信:

    看到能ping通,说明已经能和服务端通信,vpn网络已经组网完成。

            在测试过程中我发现客户端和服务器端是能进行通信,但是客户端主机解析不了域名,用命令:cat /etc/resolv.conf 查看了一下域名服务器地址,发现域名服务器地址还是本地的ip,没有自动改成服务器端给我们推送的DNS地址。我手动把这个文件的DNS地址改成服务端推送的DNS地址就可以正常进行域名解析了。此时就可以通过openvpn访问外网,客户端所有流量都会通过服务器端转发。

    3、客户端(Android)

            对于openvpn的安卓客户端,有两款,一款叫OpenVPN Connect,一款叫OpenVPN For Android,两款都可以用,可能需要一点技术才能下载到。

            openvpn的安卓客户,在制作配置文件的时候会有点麻烦,但是如果掌握了方法也很简单。刚开始我认为配置文件在各个平台都通用,我已经在linux上配置好配置文件,直接拷贝到安卓上就行,但是发现导入配置文件的时候只能导入一个文件,那还有ca证书,客户端证书,客户端私钥,还有ta.key文件怎么导入?没法办只能求助谷歌,找了很久才在openvpn的社区中找到安卓配置文件的制作方法。

            原来openvpn的配置文件支持把这些证书文件内联到配置文件中。就拿以上centos客户端的配置文件来举例,需要以下四个配置项

    1. ca ca.crt
    2. cert client.crt
    3. key client.key
    4. tls-auth ta.key 1

            即需要内联四个证书,内联的时候只需要将证书文件内容包含在中就可以,例如ca证书内联后就为

    1. ...

             于是就可以拿上面的centos客户端配置来制作,先把client.conf改成文件名client.ovpn,安卓只支持这个后缀名文件。然后执行下面的命令将证书内联进配置文件:

    1. echo "" >> client.ovpn
    2. cat ca.crt >> client.ovpn
    3. echo "" >> client.ovpn
    4. echo "" >> client.ovpn
    5. cat client.crt >> client.ovpn
    6. echo "" >> client.ovpn
    7. echo "" >> client.ovpn
    8. cat client.key >> client.ovpn
    9. echo "" >> client.ovpn
    10. echo "key-direction 1" >> client.ovpn
    11. echo "" >> client.ovpn
    12. cat ta.key >> client.ovpn
    13. echo "" >> client.ovpn

     因为tls-auth ta.key 1这个配置除了配置ta.key证书文件,还有一个配置参数,所以内联了ta.key文件后,还需要添加key-direction 1这个配置参数。

             OpenVPN Connect导入配置文件,就是点右下角的加号->Upload File->BROWSE,选择配置文件后导入。OpenVPN For Android导入配置,就是点击右上角的加号->IMPORT导入。这两款App的配置文件都通用

            导入配置文件后,就可以点连接,如果没连上可以点右上角的按钮查看日志,然后再排查文件。如果显示连接成功,那么恭喜你,可以使用自己的openvpn了。

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  • 原文地址:https://blog.csdn.net/hacker_lpy/article/details/135994980