References: Learn Shell, Shell 教程 | 菜鸟教程
The first line of shell script file begins with #!, followed by the full path where the shell interpreter is located. For example,
#!/bin/bash
To find out the currently active shell and its path, type the commands followed,
ps | grep $$
which bash
Example
BIRTHDATE="Dec 13, 2001"
Presents=10
BIRTHDAY='date -d "$BIRTHDATE" +%A'
if [[ "$BIRTHDATE" == "Dec 13, 2001" ]]; then
echo "BIRTHDATE is correct, it is ${BIRTHDATE}"
fi
if [[ $Presents == 10 ]]; then
echo "I have received $Presents presents"
fi
if [[ "$BIRTHDAY" == "Thursday" ]]; then
echo "I was born on a $BIRTHDAY"
fi
special variables
$0
- The filename of the current script.$n
- The Nth argument passed to script was invoked or function was called.$#
- The number of argument passed to script or function.$@
- All arguments passed to script or function.$*
- All arguments passed to script or function.$?
- The exit status of the last command executed.$$
- The process ID of the current shell. For shell scripts, this is the process ID under which they are executing.$!
- The process number of the last background command.The i-th
argument in the command line is denoted as $i
, $0
references to the current script, $#
holds the number of arguments passed to the script,$@
or $*
holds a space delimited string of all arguments passed to the script.
Example
# function
function File {
# print the total number of arguments
echo $#
}
# '-lt': less than
if [[ ! $# -lt 1 ]]; then
File $*
fi
${#arrayname[@]}
.${arrayname[@]}
.Example
# arrays
fruits=("apple" "banana" "tomato" "orange")
# The total number of elements in the array is referenced by ${#arrayname[@]}
echo ${#fruits[@]}
fruits[4]="watermelon"
fruits[5]="grape"
echo ${fruits[@]}
echo ${fruits[4]}
Example
# basic operators
A=3
B=$((12 - 3 + 100 * $A + 6 % 3 + 2 ** 2 + 8 / 2))
echo $B
${#stringname}
$STRING
of any single character in $SUBSTRING that matches.
expr index "$STRING" "$SUBSTRING"
$LEN
from $STRING
starting after position $POS
. Note that first position is 0.
echo ${STRING:$POS:$LEN}
$LEN
is omitted, extract substring from $POS
to end of line.
echo ${STRING:2}
echo ${STRING[@]/substring/newsubstring}
echo ${STRING[@]//substring/newsubstring}
echo ${STRING[@]// substring/}
$STRING
echo ${STRING[@]/#substring/newsubstring}
$STRING
echo ${STRING[@]/%substring/newsubstring}
echo ${STRING[@]/%substring/$(shell command)}
Example
# string operation
STRING="this is a string"
echo "The length of string is ${#STRING}"
#Find the numerical position in $STRING of any single character in $SUBSTRING that matches
SUBSTRING="hat"
expr index "$STRING" "$SUBSTRING" # 1 't'
# substring extraction
POS=5
LEN=2
echo ${STRING:$POS:$LEN}
echo ${STRING:10}
# substring replacement
STRING="to be or not to be"
# replace the first occurrence
echo ${STRING[@]/be/eat}
# replace all occurences
echo ${STRING[@]//be/eat}
# the begin
echo ${STRING[@]/#be/eat now}
# the end
echo ${STRING[@]/%be/eat}
echo ${STRING[@]/%be/be on $(date +%Y-%m-%d)}
if [ expression1 ]; then
#statement1
elif [ expression2 ]; then
#statement2
else
#statement3
fi
$a -lt $b $a < $b
$a -gt $b $a > $b
$a -le $b $a <= $b
$a -ge $b $a >= $b
$a -eq $b $a is equal to $b
$a -ne $b $a is not equal to $b
"$a" = "$b" $a is the same as $b
"$a" == "$b" $a is the same as $b
"$a" != "$b" $a is different from $b
-z "$a" $a is empty
&&, ||, !
case "$variable" in
"$condition1" )
command...
;;
"$condition2" )
command...
;;
esac
# bash for loop
for arg in [list]
do
command(s)...
done
# bash while loop
while [ condition ]
do
command(s)...
done
#bash until loop
# basic construct
until [ condition ]
do
command(s)...
done
break
and continue
can be used to control the loop execution of for, while and until constructs.function function_name {
command...
}
It often comes the situations that you want to catch a special signal/interruption/user input in your script to prevent the unpredictables.
Trap is your command to try:
trap
Example
trap "echo Booh!" SIGINT SIGTERM
function booh {
echo "booh!"
}
trap booh SIGINT SIGTERM
选项 | 功能 |
---|---|
-e filename | if file exist |
-r filename | if file exist and has read permission for the user |
-w filename | if file exist and has write permission for the user running the script/test |
-x filename | if file exist and is executable |
-s filename | if file exist and has at least one character |
-d filename | if directory exist |
-f filename | if file exist and is normal file |
command1 | command2
command > file # Redirect the output to file.
command < file # Redirect the input to file.
command >> file # Redirect the output to file appends.
n > file # Redirect the file with descriptor 'n' to file.
n >> file # Redirect the file with descriptor 'n' to file appends.
n >& m # Merge the output files m and n.
n <& m # Merge the input files m and n.
printf format-string [arguments...]
#example
printf "%-10s %-8s %-4s\n" 姓名 性别 体重kg