一,DMA相关定义(fpga、wait_queue 、device、interrupt、 dma_request_channel 函数、dma_start_transfer函数、poll、read,platform总线)
DMA (直接内存读写)是Direct Memory Access的缩写,也就是内存到内存,不占用CPU资源,但是会占用系统总线。DMA 支持内存到外设、外设到内存、内存到内存的数据交互,必要时节省很多CPU 资源。
1,transfer wide 可以理解为单次传输数据的大小,串口一次叧能传一个字节,而 DMA 则可以选择一次能传输的数据大小。在返基础上的 transfer size 则是传输的次数,不是单纯的总大小,也就是说 DMA 传输总长度实际上是transfer size乘上transfer wide。
2,burst size 是指DMAC内部缓存大小。当DMA 传输的源或目的是内存 memory 时,DMAC会先读取数据到缓存,再传入或传出。
3,scatter-gather:DMA操作必项是连续的物理内存,实际应用中,难免会遇到处理物理内存不连续的数据。scatter-gather指的就是把不连续的数据拷贝到连续的 buffer 中的操作。返个操作过程可以用软件实现,有直接的硬件支持。返里主要是强调 DMA 操作必项是连续的物理内存返件事。
二,linux 中的 DMA 框架
linux DMA engine 框架提供了 DMA controller和DMA client 两个框架。分别对应 DMA 提供者和 DMA使用者两个角度。pl330 是个 DMA 控制器,实际上就是站DMA提供者的角度。使用DMA的对象实际可以具体到内存到内存,内存就是DMA的使用者。DMA 控制器相关的操作都可以抽出来,他们对于其他使用者来说是想通的,这也是 linux 系统一贯的设计思路。DMA controller 框架抽象出 channel 对应 DMAC 的物理通道,又定义了虚拟的 channel,软件上可以实现多个虚拟 channel 对应一个物理通道。
1,struct dma_device 定义在include/linux/dmaengine.h 中
- 1. struct dma_device
- 2.{
- 3. unsigned int chancnt;
- 4. unsigned int privatecnt;
- 5. struct list_head channels;
- 6. struct list_head global_node;
- 7. struct dma_filter filter;
- 8. dma_cap_mask_t cap_mask;
- 9. unsigned short max_xor;
- 10. unsigned short max_pq;
- 11. enum dmaengine_alignment copy_align;
- 12. enum dmaengine_alignment xor_align;
- 13. enum dmaengine_alignment pq_align;
- 14. enum dmaengine_alignment fill_align;
- 15. #define DMA_HAS_PQ_CONTINUE (1 << 15)
- 16.
- 17. int dev_id;
- 18. struct device *dev;
- 19.
- 20. u32 src_addr_widths;
- 21. u32 dst_addr_widths;
- 22. u32 directions;
- 23. u32 max_burst;
- 24. bool descriptor_reuse;
- 25. enum dma_residue_granularity residue_granularity;
- 26.
- 27. int (*device_alloc_chan_resources)(struct dma_chan *chan);
- 28. void (*device_free_chan_resources)(struct dma_chan *chan);
- 29.
- 30. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_dma_memcpy)(
- 31. struct dma_chan *chan, dma_addr_t dst, dma_addr_t src,
- 32. size_t len, unsigned long flags);
- 33. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_dma_xor)(
- 34. struct dma_chan *chan, dma_addr_t dst, dma_addr_t *src,
- 35. unsigned int src_cnt, size_t len, unsigned long flags);
- 36. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_dma_xor_val)(
- 37. struct dma_chan *chan, dma_addr_t *src, unsigned int src_cnt,
- 38. size_t len, enum sum_check_flags *result, unsigned long flags);
- 39. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_dma_pq)(
- 40. struct dma_chan *chan, dma_addr_t *dst, dma_addr_t *src,
- 41. unsigned int src_cnt, const unsigned char *scf,
- 42. size_t len, unsigned long flags);
- 43. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_dma_pq_val)(
- 44. struct dma_chan *chan, dma_addr_t *pq, dma_addr_t *src,
- 45. unsigned int src_cnt, const unsigned char *scf, size_t len,
- 46. enum sum_check_flags *pqres, unsigned long flags);
- 47. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_dma_memset)(
- 48. struct dma_chan *chan, dma_addr_t dest, int value, size_t len,
- 49. unsigned long flags);
- 50. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_dma_memset_sg)(
- 51. struct dma_chan *chan, struct scatterlist *sg,
- 52. unsigned int nents, int value, unsigned long flags);
- 53. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_dma_interrupt)(
- 54. struct dma_chan *chan, unsigned long flags);
- 55. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_dma_sg)(
- 56. struct dma_chan *chan,
- 57. struct scatterlist *dst_sg, unsigned int dst_nents,
- 58. struct scatterlist *src_sg, unsigned int src_nents,
- 59. unsigned long flags);
- 60.
- 61. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_slave_sg)(
- 62. struct dma_chan *chan, struct scatterlist *sgl,
- 63. unsigned int sg_len, enum dma_transfer_direction direction,
- 64. unsigned long flags, void *context);
- 65. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_dma_cyclic)(
- 66. struct dma_chan *chan, dma_addr_t buf_addr, size_t buf_len,
- 67. size_t period_len, enum dma_transfer_direction direction,
- 68. unsigned long flags);
- 69. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_interleaved_dma)(
- 70. struct dma_chan *chan, struct dma_interleaved_template *xt,
- 71. unsigned long flags);
- 72. struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *(*device_prep_dma_imm_data)(
- 73. struct dma_chan *chan, dma_addr_t dst, u64 data,
- 74. unsigned long flags);
- 75.
- 76. int (*device_config)(struct dma_chan *chan,
- 77. struct dma_slave_config *config);
- 78. int (*device_pause)(struct dma_chan *chan);
- 79. int (*device_resume)(struct dma_chan *chan);
- 80. int (*device_terminate_all)(struct dma_chan *chan);
- 81. void (*device_synchronize)(struct dma_chan *chan);
- 82.
- 83. enum dma_status (*device_tx_status)(struct dma_chan *chan,
- 84. dma_cookie_t cookie,
- 85. struct dma_tx_state *txstate);
- 86. void (*device_issue_pending)(struct dma_chan *chan);
- 87. };
2,struct virt_dma_cha 定义在文件 drivers/dma/virt-dma.h 中
- struct virt_dma_desc
- {
- struct dma_async_tx_descriptor tx;
- /* protected by vc.lock */
- struct list_head node;
- };
-
- struct virt_dma_chan
- {
- struct dma_chan chan;
- struct tasklet_struct task;
- void (*desc_free)(struct virt_dma_desc *);
-
- spinlock_t lock;
- /* protected by vc.lock */
- struct list_head desc_allocated;
- struct list_head desc_submitted;
- struct list_head desc_issued;
- struct list_head desc_completed;
-
- struct virt_dma_desc *cyclic;
- };
chan:一个 struct dma_chan类型的发量,用于和 client 交互。
task:一个 tasklet,等待该虚拟 channel 的传输完成。
desc_allocated、desc_submitted、desc_issued、desc_completed:四个链表头,用于保存不同状态的虚拟 channel 描述符。
三,DMA controller 框架相关 API
1,struct dma_device 注册和注销:
struct dma_device 初始化完成后,调用 dma_async_device_register 向内核注册。注册成功后 dma_device 会放在一个名称为 dma_device_list 的全局链表上,以便后面使用。
int dma_async_device_register(struct dma_device *device);
void dma_async_device_unregister(struct dma_device *device);//注销函数
2,DMA cookie 表示 DMA engine 在数据传送中使用的一段连续内存。
static inline void dma_cookie_init(struct dma_chan *chan)
static inline dma_cookie_t dma_cookie_assign(struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *tx)
static inline void dma_cookie_complete(struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *tx)
static inline enum dma_status dma_cookie_status(struct dma_chan *chan, dma_cookie_t cookie, struct dma_tx_state *state)
dma_cookie_init:初始化 channel 中的 cookie、completed_cookie。
dma_cookie_assign:为指针的传输描述分配一个 cookie。
dma_cookie_complete:一个传输完成时,可调用该接口更新该传输对应channel的completed_cookie字段。
dma_cookie_status:获叏挃定 channel 挃定 cookie 的传输状态。
四,DMA client 驱动框架
从源和目标的不同可以把 DMA 划分为四类:内存到内存、内存到外设、外设到内存、外设到外设。因为内存可以使用 memcpy、memset 等操作,linux engine中把内存到内存返一部分分离出来单独提供了一套API-Async TX API。剩余的三类就共用一个结构Slave-DMA API。Slave指代client :也就是DMA 使用者。应用层和驱动配合大致流程:FPGA-->产生一个DMA中断(pl中断),唤醒读数线程,告诉驱动有数据需要传输-->应用层调用驱动申请一个合适的DMA通道-->应用层调用read函数(在read函数中完成dev->dmamem的传输)读取DMA(dmamem)数据缓存的数据到用户空间。
1,内核中DMA client相关数据 结构
(1)struct dma_slave_config定义在 include/linux/dmaengine.h 中
- struct dma_slave_config
- {
- enum dma_transfer_direction direction;
- phys_addr_t src_addr;
- phys_addr_t dst_addr;
- enum dma_slave_buswidth src_addr_width;
- enum dma_slave_buswidth dst_addr_width;
- u32 src_maxburst;
- u32 dst_maxburst;
- bool device_fc;
- unsigned int slave_id;
- };
(2)struct dma_async_tx_descriptor
- struct dma_async_tx_descriptor
- {
- dma_cookie_t cookie;
- enum dma_ctrl_flags flags; /*not a 'long' to pack with cookie*/
- dma_addr_t phys;
- struct dma_chan *chan;
- dma_cookie_t (*tx_submit)(struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *tx);
- int (*desc_free)(struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *tx);
- dma_async_tx_callback callback;
- void *callback_param;
- struct dmaengine_unmap_data *unmap;
- #ifdef CONFIG_ASYNC_TX_ENABLE_CHANNEL_SWITCH
- struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *next;
- struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *parent;
- spinlock_t lock;
- #endif
- };
2,Slave-DMA API 的 DMA client实现步骤
5)等待传输结束
等徃传输可以通过回掉函数,也可以通过 dma_async_is_tx_complete 等函数数查询传输是否
完成。另外可以使用 maengine_pause、dmaengine_resume 函数,暂停、终止传输。
3,驱动代码
- #include <linux/dmaengine.h>
- #include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
- #include <linux/types.h>
- #include <linux/slab.h>
- #include <linux/module.h>
- #include <linux/init.h>
- #include <linux/fs.h>
- #include <linux/sched.h>
- #include <linux/miscdevice.h>
- #include <linux/device.h>
- #include <linux/string.h>
- #include <linux/errno.h>
- #include <linux/types.h>
- #include <linux/slab.h>
- #include <linux/of_device.h>
- #include <linux/async_tx.h>
- #include <asm/uaccess.h>
- #include <asm/delay.h>
-
- #define DEVICE_NAME "ax_dma"
-
- #define MAX_SIZE (512*64)
-
- static char *src;
- static char *dst;
- dma_addr_t dma_src;
- dma_addr_t dma_dst;
-
- struct ax_dma_drv
- {
- struct dma_chan *chan;
- struct dma_device *dev;
- struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *tx;
- enum dma_ctrl_flags flags;
- dma_cookie_t cookie;
- };
- struct ax_dma_drv ax_dma;
-
- void dma_cb(void *dma_async_param)
- {
- if(!memcmp(src, dst, MAX_SIZE))
- {
- printk("dma irq test ok\r\n");
- }
- }
-
- static int dma_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
- {
- printk("dma_open\r\n");
- return 0;
- }
-
- static int dma_release(struct inode *indoe, struct file *file)
- {
- printk("dma_release\r\n");
- return 0;
- }
-
- static ssize_t dma_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t size, loff_t *ppos)
- {
- int ret = 0;
- printk("dma_read\r\n");
-
- ax_dma.tx = ax_dma.dev->device_prep_dma_memcpy(ax_dma.chan, dma_dst, dma_src, MAX_SIZE, ax_dma.flags);
- if (!ax_dma.tx)
- {
- printk(KERN_INFO "Failed to prepare DMA memcpy");
- }
-
- ax_dma.tx->callback = dma_cb;
- ax_dma.tx->callback_param = NULL;
- ax_dma.cookie = ax_dma.tx->tx_submit(ax_dma.tx);
- if (dma_submit_error(ax_dma.cookie))
- {
- printk("DMA tx submit failed");
- }
- dma_async_issue_pending(ax_dma.chan);
-
- return ret;
- }
-
- static struct file_operations ax_fops =
- {
- .owner = THIS_MODULE,
- .open = dma_open,
- .read = dma_read,
- .release = dma_release,
- };
-
- static struct miscdevice dma_misc =
- {
- .minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,
- .name = DEVICE_NAME,
- .fops = &ax_fops,
- };
-
- static int __init dma_init(void)
- {
- int ret=0;
- dma_cap_mask_t mask;
-
- ret = misc_register(&dma_misc);
- if(ret)
- {
- printk("misc_register failed!\n");
- return 0;
- }
- printk("drv register ok\n");
- of_dma_configure(dma_misc.this_device, dma_misc.this_device->of_node, true);
- dma_misc.this_device->coherent_dma_mask = 0xffffffff;
-
- //源
- src = dma_alloc_coherent(dma_misc.this_device, MAX_SIZE, &dma_src, GFP_KERNEL);
- if (NULL == src)
- {
- printk("can't alloc buffer for src\n");
- return -ENOMEM;
- }
- //目标
- dst = dma_alloc_coherent(dma_misc.this_device, MAX_SIZE, &dma_dst, GFP_KERNEL);
- if (NULL == dst)
- {
- dma_free_coherent(NULL, MAX_SIZE, src, dma_src);
- printk("can't alloc buffer for dst\n");
- return -ENOMEM;
- }
- printk("buffer alloc ok\n");
-
- //初始化mask
- dma_cap_zero(mask);
- dma_cap_set(DMA_MEMCPY, mask);
- ax_dma.chan = dma_request_channel(mask, NULL, NULL);
- ax_dma.flags = DMA_CTRL_ACK | DMA_PREP_INTERRUPT;
- ax_dma.dev = ax_dma.chan->device;
- printk("chan request ok\n");
-
- //给源地址一个初值
- memset(src, 0x5A, MAX_SIZE);
- //给目标地址一个不一样的初值
- memset(dst, 0xA5, MAX_SIZE);
-
- return 0;
- }
-
- static void __exit dma_exit( void )
- {
- dma_release_channel(ax_dma.chan);
- dma_free_coherent(dma_misc.this_device, MAX_SIZE, src, dma_src);
- dma_free_coherent(dma_misc.this_device, MAX_SIZE, dst, dma_dst);
- misc_deregister(&dma_misc);
- }
-
- //驱动入口函数标记
- module_init(dma_init);
- //驱动出口函数标记
- module_exit(dma_exit);
-
- /* 驱动描述信息 */
- MODULE_AUTHOR("subomb");
- MODULE_ALIAS("dma");
- MODULE_DESCRIPTION("DMA driver");
- MODULE_VERSION("v3.0");
- MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-
4,DMA测试代码
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <sys/ioctl.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include "unistd.h"
- int main(int argc, char **argv)
- {
- int fd;
- char *filename;
- if(argc != 2)
- {
- printf("Error Usage\r\n");
- return -1;
- }
- filename = argv[1];
- fd = open(filename, O_RDWR);
- if (fd < 0)
- {
- printf("can't open %s\n", filename);
- return -1;
- }
- read(fd, NULL, 0);
- close(fd);
- return 0;
- }