熟悉 Java 多线程编程的同学都知道,当我们线程创建过多时,容易引发内存溢出,因此我们就有必要使用线程池的技术了。
总体来说,线程池有如下的优势:
(1)降低资源消耗。通过重复利用已创建的线程降低线程创建和销毁造成的消耗。
(2)提高响应速度。当任务到达时,任务可以不需要等到线程创建就能立即执行。
(3)提高线程的可管理性。线程是稀缺资源,如果无限制的创建,不仅会消耗系统资源,还会降低系统的稳定性,使用线程池可以进行统一的分配,调优和监控。
线程池的真正实现类是 ThreadPoolExecutor,其构造方法有如下4种:
- public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
- int maximumPoolSize,
- long keepAliveTime,
- TimeUnit unit,
- BlockingQueue
workQueue) { - this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
- Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), defaultHandler);
- }
-
- public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
- int maximumPoolSize,
- long keepAliveTime,
- TimeUnit unit,
- BlockingQueue
workQueue, - ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
- this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
- threadFactory, defaultHandler);
- }
-
- public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
- int maximumPoolSize,
- long keepAliveTime,
- TimeUnit unit,
- BlockingQueue
workQueue, - RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
- this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
- Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), handler);
- }
-
- public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
- int maximumPoolSize,
- long keepAliveTime,
- TimeUnit unit,
- BlockingQueue
workQueue, - ThreadFactory threadFactory,
- RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
- if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
- maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
- maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
- keepAliveTime < 0)
- throw new IllegalArgumentException();
- if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
- throw new NullPointerException();
- this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
- this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
- this.workQueue = workQueue;
- this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
- this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
- this.handler = handler;
- }
可以看到,其需要如下几个参数:
线程池的使用流程如下:
- // 创建线程池
- ThreadPoolExecutor threadPool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(CORE_POOL_SIZE,
- MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE,
- KEEP_ALIVE,
- TimeUnit.SECONDS,
- sPoolWorkQueue,
- sThreadFactory);
- // 向线程池提交任务
- threadPool.execute(new Runnable() {
- @Override
- public void run() {
- ... // 线程执行的任务
- }
- });
- // 关闭线程池
- threadPool.shutdown(); // 设置线程池的状态为SHUTDOWN,然后中断所有没有正在执行任务的线程
- threadPool.shutdownNow(); // 设置线程池的状态为 STOP,然后尝试停止所有的正在执行或暂停任务的线程,并返回等待执行任务的列表
下面来描述一下线程池工作的原理,同时对上面的参数有一个更深的了解。其工作原理流程图如下:
通过上图,相信大家已经对所有参数有个了解了。下面再对任务队列、线程工厂和拒绝策略做更多的说明。
任务队列是基于阻塞队列实现的,即采用生产者消费者模式,在 Java 中需要实现 BlockingQueue 接口。但 Java 已经为我们提供了 7 种阻塞队列的实现:
注意有界队列和无界队列的区别:如果使用有界队列,当队列饱和时并超过最大线程数时就会执行拒绝策略;而如果使用无界队列,因为任务队列永远都可以添加任务,所以设置 maximumPoolSize 没有任何意义。
线程工厂指定创建线程的方式,需要实现 ThreadFactory 接口,并实现 newThread(Runnable r) 方法。该参数可以不用指定,Executors 框架已经为我们实现了一个默认的线程工厂:
- /**
- * The default thread factory.
- */
- private static class DefaultThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
- private static final AtomicInteger poolNumber = new AtomicInteger(1);
- private final ThreadGroup group;
- private final AtomicInteger threadNumber = new AtomicInteger(1);
- private final String namePrefix;
-
- DefaultThreadFactory() {
- SecurityManager s = System.getSecurityManager();
- group = (s != null) ? s.getThreadGroup() :
- Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup();
- namePrefix = "pool-" +
- poolNumber.getAndIncrement() +
- "-thread-";
- }
-
- public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
- Thread t = new Thread(group, r,
- namePrefix + threadNumber.getAndIncrement(),
- 0);
- if (t.isDaemon())
- t.setDaemon(false);
- if (t.getPriority() != Thread.NORM_PRIORITY)
- t.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY);
- return t;
- }
- }
当线程池的线程数达到最大线程数时,需要执行拒绝策略。拒绝策略需要实现 RejectedExecutionHandler 接口,并实现 rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor executor) 方法。不过 Executors 框架已经为我们实现了 4 种拒绝策略:
嫌上面使用线程池的方法太麻烦?其实Executors已经为我们封装好了 4 种常见的功能线程池,如下:
创建方法的源码:
- public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
- return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
- 0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
- new LinkedBlockingQueue
()); - }
- public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
- return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
- 0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
- new LinkedBlockingQueue
(), - threadFactory);
- }
- // 1. 创建定长线程池对象 & 设置线程池线程数量固定为3
- ExecutorService fixedThreadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
- // 2. 创建好Runnable类线程对象 & 需执行的任务
- Runnable task =new Runnable(){
- public void run() {
- System.out.println("执行任务啦");
- }
- };
- // 3. 向线程池提交任务
- fixedThreadPool.execute(task);
创建方法的源码:
- private static final long DEFAULT_KEEPALIVE_MILLIS = 10L;
-
- public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
- return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
- }
- public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize) {
- super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
- DEFAULT_KEEPALIVE_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS,
- new DelayedWorkQueue());
- }
-
- public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(
- int corePoolSize, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
- return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize, threadFactory);
- }
- public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
- ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
- super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
- DEFAULT_KEEPALIVE_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS,
- new DelayedWorkQueue(), threadFactory);
- }
- // 1. 创建 定时线程池对象 & 设置线程池线程数量固定为5
- ScheduledExecutorService scheduledThreadPool = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(5);
- // 2. 创建好Runnable类线程对象 & 需执行的任务
- Runnable task =new Runnable(){
- public void run() {
- System.out.println("执行任务啦");
- }
- };
- // 3. 向线程池提交任务
- scheduledThreadPool.schedule(task, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS); // 延迟1s后执行任务
- scheduledThreadPool.scheduleAtFixedRate(task,10,1000,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);// 延迟10ms后、每隔1000ms执行任务
创建方法的源码:
- public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
- return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
- 60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
- new SynchronousQueue
()); - }
- public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
- return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
- 60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
- new SynchronousQueue
(), - threadFactory);
- }
- // 1. 创建可缓存线程池对象
- ExecutorService cachedThreadPool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
- // 2. 创建好Runnable类线程对象 & 需执行的任务
- Runnable task =new Runnable(){
- public void run() {
- System.out.println("执行任务啦");
- }
- };
- // 3. 向线程池提交任务
- cachedThreadPool.execute(task);
创建方法的源码:
- public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
- return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
- (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
- 0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
- new LinkedBlockingQueue
())); - }
- public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
- return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
- (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
- 0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
- new LinkedBlockingQueue
(), - threadFactory));
- }
- // 1. 创建单线程化线程池
- ExecutorService singleThreadExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
- // 2. 创建好Runnable类线程对象 & 需执行的任务
- Runnable task =new Runnable(){
- public void run() {
- System.out.println("执行任务啦");
- }
- };
- // 3. 向线程池提交任务
- singleThreadExecutor.execute(task);
Executors 的 4 个功能线程池虽然方便,但现在已经不建议使用了,而是建议直接通过使用 ThreadPoolExecutor 的方式,这样的处理方式让写的同学更加明确线程池的运行规则,规避资源耗尽的风险。
其实 Executors 的 4 个功能线程有如下弊端: