selenium自动化+ pytest测试框架
本章你需要
这样一个简单的框架结构就清晰了。
知道了以上这些我们就开始吧!
我们在项目中先按照上面的框架指引,建好每一项目录。
注意:python包为是的,都需要添加一个__init__.py文件以标识此目录为一个python包。
同时,我也准备了一份软件测试视频教程(含接口、自动化、性能等),需要的可以直接在下方观看,或者直接关注VX公众号:互联网杂货铺,免费领取
软件测试视频教程观看处:
字节大佬教你逼自己如何在15天内掌握自动化测试(接口自动化/APP自动化/Web自动化/性能测试),内含项目实战
首先呢,因为我们很多的模块会用到时间戳,或者日期等等字符串,所以我们先单独把时间封装成一个模块。
然后让其他模块来调用即可。在utils目录新建times.py模块
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> time
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> datetime
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> functools <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> wraps
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">timestamp</span>():
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""时间戳"""</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> time.time()
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">dt_strftime</span>(fmt=<span style="color:#98c379">"%Y%m"</span>):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""
- datetime格式化时间
- :param fmt "%Y%m%d %H%M%S
- """
- 7171bf">return datetime.datetime.now().strftime(fmt)
-
-
- 7171bf">def 61aeee">sleep(seconds=19a66">1.0):
- 98c379">"""
- 睡眠时间
- """
- time.sleep(seconds)
-
-
- 7171bf">def 61aeee">running_time(func):
- 98c379">"""函数运行时间"""
-
- 61aeee"> @wraps(func)
- 7171bf">def 61aeee">wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
- start = timestamp()
- res = func(*args, **kwargs)
- 7171bf">print(98c379">"校验元素done!用时%.3f秒!" % (timestamp() - start))
- 7171bf">return res
-
- 7171bf">return wrapper
-
-
- 7171bf">if __name__ == 98c379">'__main__':
- 7171bf">print(dt_strftime(98c379">"%Y%m%d%H%M%S"))
-
配置文件总是项目中必不可少的部分!
将固定不变的信息集中在固定的文件中
项目中都应该有一个文件对整体的目录进行管理,我也在这个python项目中设置了此文件。
在项目config目录创建conf.py文件,所有的目录配置信息写在这个文件里面。
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> os
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> selenium.webdriver.common.by <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> By
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> utils.times <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> dt_strftime
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">ConfigManager</span>(<span style="color:#61aeee">object</span>):
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 项目目录</em></span>
- BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 页面元素目录</em></span>
- ELEMENT_PATH = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, <span style="color:#98c379">'page_element'</span>)
-
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 报告文件</em></span>
- REPORT_FILE = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, <span style="color:#98c379">'report.html'</span>)
-
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 元素定位的类型</em></span>
- LOCATE_MODE = {
- <span style="color:#98c379">'css'</span>: By.CSS_SELECTOR,
- <span style="color:#98c379">'xpath'</span>: By.XPATH,
- <span style="color:#98c379">'name'</span>: By.NAME,
- <span style="color:#98c379">'id'</span>: By.ID,
- <span style="color:#98c379">'class'</span>: By.CLASS_NAME
- }
-
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 邮件信息</em></span>
- EMAIL_INFO = {
- <span style="color:#98c379">'username'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'1084502012@qq.com'</span>, <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 切换成你自己的地址</em></span>
- <span style="color:#98c379">'password'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'QQ邮箱授权码'</span>,
- <span style="color:#98c379">'smtp_host'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'smtp.qq.com'</span>,
- <span style="color:#98c379">'smtp_port'</span>: <span style="color:#d19a66">465</span>
- }
-
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 收件人</em></span>
- ADDRESSEE = [
- <span style="color:#98c379">'1084502012@qq.com'</span>,
- ]
-
- <span style="color:#61aeee"> @property</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">log_file</span>(self):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""日志目录"""</span>
- log_dir = os.path.join(self.BASE_DIR, <span style="color:#98c379">'logs'</span>)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> os.path.exists(log_dir):
- os.makedirs(log_dir)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> os.path.join(log_dir, <span style="color:#98c379">'{}.log'</span>.<span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>(dt_strftime()))
-
- <span style="color:#61aeee"> @property</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">ini_file</span>(self):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""配置文件"""</span>
- ini_file = os.path.join(self.BASE_DIR, <span style="color:#98c379">'config'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'config.ini'</span>)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> os.path.exists(ini_file):
- <span style="color:#7171bf">raise</span> FileNotFoundError(<span style="color:#98c379">"配置文件%s不存在!"</span> % ini_file)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> ini_file
-
-
- cm = ConfigManager()
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
- <span style="color:#7171bf">print</span>(cm.BASE_DIR)
- </code></span></span>
这个conf文件我模仿了Django的settings.py文件的设置风格,但是又有些许差异。
在这个文件中我们可以设置自己的各个目录,也可以查看自己当前的目录。
遵循了约定:不变的常量名全部大写,函数名小写。看起来整体美观。
在项目config目录新建一个config.ini文件,里面暂时先放入我们的需要测试的URL
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-ini"><span style="color:#e06c75">[HOST]</span>
- <span style="color:#d19a66">HOST</span> = https://www.baidu.com
- </code></span></span>
配置文件创建好了,接下来我们需要读取这个配置文件以使用里面的信息。
我们在common目录中新建一个readconfig.py文件
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> configparser
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> config.conf <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> cm
-
- HOST = <span style="color:#98c379">'HOST'</span>
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">ReadConfig</span>(<span style="color:#61aeee">object</span>):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""配置文件"""</span>
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">__init__</span>(self):
- self.config = configparser.RawConfigParser() <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 当有%的符号时请使用Raw读取</em></span>
- self.config.read(cm.ini_file, encoding=<span style="color:#98c379">'utf-8'</span>)
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">_get</span>(self, section, option):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""获取"""</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> self.config.get(section, option)
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">_set</span>(self, section, option, value):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""更新"""</span>
- self.config.<span style="color:#7171bf">set</span>(section, option, value)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">with</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">open</span>(cm.ini_file, <span style="color:#98c379">'w'</span>) <span style="color:#7171bf">as</span> f:
- self.config.write(f)
-
- <span style="color:#61aeee"> @property</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">url</span>(self):
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> self._get(HOST, HOST)
-
-
- ini = ReadConfig()
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
- <span style="color:#7171bf">print</span>(ini.url)
- </code></span></span>
可以看到我们用python内置的configparser模块对config.ini文件进行了读取。
对于url值的提取,我使用了高阶语法@property属性值,写法更简单。
日志,大家应该都很熟悉这个名词,就是记录代码中的动作。
在utils目录中新建logger.py文件。
这个文件就是我们用来在自动化测试过程中记录一些操作步骤的。
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> logging
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> config.conf <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> cm
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">Log</span>:
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">__init__</span>(self):
- self.logger = logging.getLogger()
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> self.logger.handlers:
- self.logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
-
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 创建一个handle写入文件</em></span>
- fh = logging.FileHandler(cm.log_file, encoding=<span style="color:#98c379">'utf-8'</span>)
- fh.setLevel(logging.INFO)
-
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 创建一个handle输出到控制台</em></span>
- ch = logging.StreamHandler()
- ch.setLevel(logging.INFO)
-
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 定义输出的格式</em></span>
- formatter = logging.Formatter(self.fmt)
- fh.setFormatter(formatter)
- ch.setFormatter(formatter)
-
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 添加到handle</em></span>
- self.logger.addHandler(fh)
- self.logger.addHandler(ch)
-
- <span style="color:#61aeee"> @property</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">fmt</span>(self):
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> <span style="color:#98c379">'%(levelname)s\t%(asctime)s\t[%(filename)s:%(lineno)d]\t%(message)s'</span>
-
-
- log = Log().logger
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
- log.info(<span style="color:#98c379">'hello world'</span>)
- </code></span></span>
在终端中运行该文件,就看到命令行打印出了:
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-shell">INFO 2020-12-01 16:00:05,467 [logger.py:38] hello world
- </code></span></span>
然后在项目logs目录下生成了当月的日志文件。
由于下面要讲元素相关的,所以首先理解一下POM模型
该观点来自 《Selenium自动化测试——基于Python语言》
通过上图我们可以看出,通过POM模型思想,我们把:
以上四种代码主体进行了拆分,虽然在用例很少的情况下做会增加代码,但是当用例多的时候意义很大,代码量会在用例增加的时候显著减少。我们维护代码变得更加直观明显,代码可读性也变得比工厂模式强很多,代码复用率也极大的得到了提高。
在日常的工作中,我见过很多在浏览器中直接在浏览器中右键Copy Xpath复制元素的同学。这样获得的元素表达式放在 webdriver 中去运行往往是不够稳定的,像前端的一些微小改动,都会引起元素无法定位的NoSuchElementException报错。
所以在实际工作和学习中我们应该加强自己的元素定位能力,尽可能的采用xpath和CSS selector 这种相对稳定的定位语法。由于CSS selector的语法生硬难懂,对新手很不友好,而且相比xpath缺少一些定位语法。所以我们选择xpath进行我们的元素定位语法。
xpath#
语法规则
菜鸟教程中对于 xpath 的介绍是一门在 XML 文档中查找信息的语言。
定位工具
chropath
Katalon录制工具
自己写——本人推荐这种
本教程选择的测试地址是百度首页,所以对应的元素也是百度首页的。
项目框架设计中有一个目录page_element就是专门来存放定位元素的文件的。
通过对各种配置文件的对比,我在这里选择的是YAML文件格式。其易读,交互性好。
我们在page_element中新建一个search.yaml文件。
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-yaml"><span style="color:#98c379">搜索框:</span> <span style="color:#98c379">"id==kw"</span>
- <span style="color:#98c379">候选:</span> <span style="color:#98c379">"css==.bdsug-overflow"</span>
- <span style="color:#98c379">搜索候选:</span> <span style="color:#98c379">"css==#form div li"</span>
- <span style="color:#98c379">搜索按钮:</span> <span style="color:#98c379">"id==su"</span>
- </code></span></span>
元素定位文件创建好了,下来我们需要读取这个文件。
在common目录中创建readelement.py文件。
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> os
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> yaml
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> config.conf <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> cm
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">Element</span>(<span style="color:#61aeee">object</span>):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""获取元素"""</span>
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">__init__</span>(self, name):
- self.file_name = <span style="color:#98c379">'%s.yaml'</span> % name
- self.element_path = os.path.join(cm.ELEMENT_PATH, self.file_name)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> os.path.exists(self.element_path):
- <span style="color:#7171bf">raise</span> FileNotFoundError(<span style="color:#98c379">"%s 文件不存在!"</span> % self.element_path)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">with</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">open</span>(self.element_path, encoding=<span style="color:#98c379">'utf-8'</span>) <span style="color:#7171bf">as</span> f:
- self.data = yaml.safe_load(f)
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">__getitem__</span>(self, item):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""获取属性"""</span>
- data = self.data.get(item)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> data:
- name, value = data.split(<span style="color:#98c379">'=='</span>)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> name, value
- <span style="color:#7171bf">raise</span> ArithmeticError(<span style="color:#98c379">"{}中不存在关键字:{}"</span>.<span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>(self.file_name, item))
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
- search = Element(<span style="color:#98c379">'search'</span>)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">print</span>(search[<span style="color:#98c379">'搜索框'</span>])
- </code></span></span>
通过特殊方法__getitem__实现调用任意属性,读取yaml中的值。
这样我们就实现了定位元素的存储和调用。
但是还有一个问题,我们怎么样才能确保我们写的每一项元素不出错,人为的错误是不可避免的,但是我们可以通过代码来运行对文件的审查。当前也不能所有问题都能发现。
所以我们编写一个文件,在script脚本文件目录中创建inspect.py文件,对所有的元素yaml文件进行审查。
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> os
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> yaml
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> config.conf <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> cm
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> utils.times <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> running_time
-
-
- <span style="color:#61aeee">@running_time</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">inspect_element</span>():
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""检查所有的元素是否正确
- 只能做一个简单的检查
- """</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">for</span> files <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> os.listdir(cm.ELEMENT_PATH):
- _path = os.path.join(cm.ELEMENT_PATH, files)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">with</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">open</span>(_path, encoding=<span style="color:#98c379">'utf-8'</span>) <span style="color:#7171bf">as</span> f:
- data = yaml.safe_load(f)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">for</span> k <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> data.values():
- <span style="color:#7171bf">try</span>:
- pattern, value = k.split(<span style="color:#98c379">'=='</span>)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">except</span> ValueError:
- <span style="color:#7171bf">raise</span> Exception(<span style="color:#98c379">"元素表达式中没有`==`"</span>)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> pattern <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> cm.LOCATE_MODE:
- <span style="color:#7171bf">raise</span> Exception(<span style="color:#98c379">'%s中元素【%s】没有指定类型'</span> % (_path, k))
- <span style="color:#7171bf">elif</span> pattern == <span style="color:#98c379">'xpath'</span>:
- <span style="color:#7171bf">assert</span> <span style="color:#98c379">'//'</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> value,\
- <span style="color:#98c379">'%s中元素【%s】xpath类型与值不配'</span> % (_path, k)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">elif</span> pattern == <span style="color:#98c379">'css'</span>:
- <span style="color:#7171bf">assert</span> <span style="color:#98c379">'//'</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> value, \
- <span style="color:#98c379">'%s中元素【%s]css类型与值不配'</span> % (_path, k)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">else</span>:
- <span style="color:#7171bf">assert</span> value, <span style="color:#98c379">'%s中元素【%s】类型与值不匹配'</span> % (_path, k)
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
- inspect_element()
- </code></span></span>
执行该文件:
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-powershell">校验元素done!用时<span style="color:#d19a66">0.002</span>秒!
- </code></span></span>
可以看到,很短的时间内,我们就对所填写的YAML文件进行了审查。
现在我们基本所需要的组件已经大致完成了。
接下来我们将进行最重要的一环,封装selenium。
在工厂模式种我们是这样写的:
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> time
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> webdriver
-
-
- driver = webdriver.Chrome()
- driver.get(<span style="color:#98c379">'https://www.baidu.com'</span>)
- driver.find_element_by_xpath(<span style="color:#98c379">"//input[@id='kw']"</span>).send_keys(<span style="color:#98c379">'selenium'</span>)
- driver.find_element_by_xpath(<span style="color:#98c379">"//input[@id='su']"</span>).click()
- time.sleep(<span style="color:#d19a66">5</span>)
- driver.quit()
- </code></span></span>
很直白,简单,又明了。
创建driver对象,打开百度网页,搜索selenium,点击搜索,然后停留5秒,查看结果,最后关闭浏览器。
那我们为什么要封装selenium的方法呢。首先我们上述这种较为原始的方法,基本不适用于平时做UI自动化测试的,因为在UI界面实际运行情况远远比较复杂,可能因为网络原因,或者控件原因,我们元素还没有显示出来,就进行点击或者输入。所以我们需要封装selenium方法,通过内置的显式等待或一定的条件语句,才能构建一个稳定的方法。而且把selenium方法封装起来,有利于平时的代码维护。
我们在page目录创建webpage.py文件。
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""
- selenium基类
- 本文件存放了selenium基类的封装方法
- """</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> selenium.webdriver.support <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> expected_conditions <span style="color:#7171bf">as</span> EC
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> selenium.webdriver.support.ui <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> WebDriverWait
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> selenium.common.exceptions <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> TimeoutException
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> config.conf <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> cm
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> utils.times <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> sleep
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> utils.logger <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> log
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">WebPage</span>(<span style="color:#61aeee">object</span>):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""selenium基类"""</span>
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">__init__</span>(self, driver):
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()</em></span>
- self.driver = driver
- self.timeout = <span style="color:#d19a66">20</span>
- self.wait = WebDriverWait(self.driver, self.timeout)
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">get_url</span>(self, url):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""打开网址并验证"""</span>
- self.driver.maximize_window()
- self.driver.set_page_load_timeout(<span style="color:#d19a66">60</span>)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">try</span>:
- self.driver.get(url)
- self.driver.implicitly_wait(<span style="color:#d19a66">10</span>)
- log.info(<span style="color:#98c379">"打开网页:%s"</span> % url)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">except</span> TimeoutException:
- <span style="color:#7171bf">raise</span> TimeoutException(<span style="color:#98c379">"打开%s超时请检查网络或网址服务器"</span> % url)
-
- <span style="color:#61aeee"> @staticmethod</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">element_locator</span>(func, locator):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""元素定位器"""</span>
- name, value = locator
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> func(cm.LOCATE_MODE[name], value)
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">find_element</span>(self, locator):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""寻找单个元素"""</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> WebPage.element_locator(<span style="color:#7171bf">lambda</span> *args: self.wait.until(
- EC.presence_of_element_located(args)), locator)
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">find_elements</span>(self, locator):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""查找多个相同的元素"""</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> WebPage.element_locator(<span style="color:#7171bf">lambda</span> *args: self.wait.until(
- EC.presence_of_all_elements_located(args)), locator)
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">elements_num</span>(self, locator):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""获取相同元素的个数"""</span>
- number = <span style="color:#7171bf">len</span>(self.find_elements(locator))
- log.info(<span style="color:#98c379">"相同元素:{}"</span>.<span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>((locator, number)))
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> number
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">input_text</span>(self, locator, txt):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""输入(输入前先清空)"""</span>
- sleep(<span style="color:#d19a66">0.5</span>)
- ele = self.find_element(locator)
- ele.clear()
- ele.send_keys(txt)
- log.info(<span style="color:#98c379">"输入文本:{}"</span>.<span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>(txt))
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">is_click</span>(self, locator):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""点击"""</span>
- self.find_element(locator).click()
- sleep()
- log.info(<span style="color:#98c379">"点击元素:{}"</span>.<span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>(locator))
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">element_text</span>(self, locator):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""获取当前的text"""</span>
- _text = self.find_element(locator).text
- log.info(<span style="color:#98c379">"获取文本:{}"</span>.<span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>(_text))
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> _text
-
- <span style="color:#61aeee"> @property</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">get_source</span>(self):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""获取页面源代码"""</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> self.driver.page_source
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">refresh</span>(self):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""刷新页面F5"""</span>
- self.driver.refresh()
- self.driver.implicitly_wait(<span style="color:#d19a66">30</span>)
- </code></span></span>
在文件中我们对主要用了显式等待对selenium的click,send_keys等方法,做了二次封装。提高了运行的成功率。
好了我们完成了POM模型的一半左右的内容。接下来我们们进入页面对象。
在page_object目录下创建一个searchpage.py文件。
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> page.webpage <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> WebPage, sleep
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> common.readelement <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> Element
-
- search = Element(<span style="color:#98c379">'search'</span>)
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">SearchPage</span>(<span style="color:#61aeee">WebPage</span>):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""搜索类"""</span>
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">input_search</span>(self, content):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""输入搜索"""</span>
- self.input_text(search[<span style="color:#98c379">'搜索框'</span>], txt=content)
- sleep()
-
- <span style="color:#61aeee"> @property</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">imagine</span>(self):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""搜索联想"""</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> [x.text <span style="color:#7171bf">for</span> x <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> self.find_elements(search[<span style="color:#98c379">'候选'</span>])]
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">click_search</span>(self):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""点击搜索"""</span>
- self.is_click(search[<span style="color:#98c379">'搜索按钮'</span>])
- </code></span></span>
在该文件中我们对,输入搜索关键词,点击搜索,搜索联想,进行了封装。
并配置了注释。
在平时中我们应该养成写注释的习惯,因为过一段时间后,没有注释,代码读起来很费劲。
好了我们的页面对象此时业已完成了。下面我们开始编写测试用例。在开始测试用了之前我们先熟悉一下pytest测试框架。
打开pytest框架的官网。http://www.pytest.org/en/latest/
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em># content of test_sample.py</em></span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">inc</span>(x):
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> x + <span style="color:#d19a66">1</span>
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">test_answer</span>():
- <span style="color:#7171bf">assert</span> inc(<span style="color:#d19a66">3</span>) == <span style="color:#d19a66">5</span>
- </code></span></span>
官方教程我认为写的并不适合入门阅读,而且没有汉化版。
pytest项目中的配置文件,可以对pytest执行过程中操作做全局控制。
在项目根目录新建pytest.ini文件。
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-ini"><span style="color:#e06c75">[pytest]</span>
- <span style="color:#d19a66">addopts</span> = --html=report.html --self-contained-html
- </code></span></span>
addopts 指定执行时的其他参数说明:
我们将使用pytest编写测试用例。
在TestCase目录中创建test_search.py文件。
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> re
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> pytest
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> utils.logger <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> log
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> common.readconfig <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> ini
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> page_object.searchpage <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> SearchPage
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">TestSearch</span>:
- <span style="color:#61aeee"> @pytest.fixture(scope=<span style="color:#3388aa">'function'</span>, autouse=<span style="color:#56b6c2">True</span>)</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">open_baidu</span>(self, drivers):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""打开百度"""</span>
- search = SearchPage(drivers)
- search.get_url(ini.url)
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">test_001</span>(self, drivers):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""搜索"""</span>
- search = SearchPage(drivers)
- search.input_search(<span style="color:#98c379">"selenium"</span>)
- search.click_search()
- result = re.search(<span style="color:#98c379">r'selenium'</span>, search.get_source)
- log.info(result)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">assert</span> result
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">test_002</span>(self, drivers):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""测试搜索候选"""</span>
- search = SearchPage(drivers)
- search.input_search(<span style="color:#98c379">"selenium"</span>)
- log.info(<span style="color:#7171bf">list</span>(search.imagine))
- <span style="color:#7171bf">assert</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">all</span>([<span style="color:#98c379">"selenium"</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> i <span style="color:#7171bf">for</span> i <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> search.imagine])
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
- pytest.main([<span style="color:#98c379">'TestCase/test_search.py'</span>])
-
- </code></span></span>
我们测试用了就编写好了。
pytest.fixture 这个实现了和unittest的setup,teardown一样的前置启动,后置清理的装饰器。
第一个测试用例:
第二个测试用例:
最后我们的在下面写一个执行启动的语句。
这时候我们应该进入执行了,但是还有一个问题,我们还没有把driver传递。
我们在项目根目录下新建一个conftest.py文件。
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> pytest
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> py.xml <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> html
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> webdriver
-
-
- driver = <span style="color:#56b6c2">None</span>
-
-
- <span style="color:#61aeee">@pytest.fixture(scope=<span style="color:#3388aa">'session'</span>, autouse=<span style="color:#56b6c2">True</span>)</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">drivers</span>(request):
- <span style="color:#7171bf">global</span> driver
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> driver <span style="color:#7171bf">is</span> <span style="color:#56b6c2">None</span>:
- driver = webdriver.Chrome()
- driver.maximize_window()
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">fn</span>():
- driver.quit()
-
- request.addfinalizer(fn)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> driver
-
-
- <span style="color:#61aeee">@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=<span style="color:#56b6c2">True</span>)</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">pytest_runtest_makereport</span>(item):
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""
- 当测试失败的时候,自动截图,展示到html报告中
- :param item:
- """</span>
- pytest_html = item.config.pluginmanager.getplugin(<span style="color:#98c379">'html'</span>)
- outcome = <span style="color:#7171bf">yield</span>
- report = outcome.get_result()
- report.description = <span style="color:#7171bf">str</span>(item.function.__doc__)
- extra = <span style="color:#7171bf">getattr</span>(report, <span style="color:#98c379">'extra'</span>, [])
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> report.when == <span style="color:#98c379">'call'</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">or</span> report.when == <span style="color:#98c379">"setup"</span>:
- xfail = <span style="color:#7171bf">hasattr</span>(report, <span style="color:#98c379">'wasxfail'</span>)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> (report.skipped <span style="color:#7171bf">and</span> xfail) <span style="color:#7171bf">or</span> (report.failed <span style="color:#7171bf">and</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> xfail):
- file_name = report.nodeid.replace(<span style="color:#98c379">"::"</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"_"</span>) + <span style="color:#98c379">".png"</span>
- screen_img = _capture_screenshot()
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> file_name:
- html = <span style="color:#98c379">'</span> \
- <span style="color:#98c379">'onclick="window.open(this.src)" align="right"/>'</span> % screen_img
- extra.append(pytest_html.extras.html(html))
- report.extra = extra
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">pytest_html_results_table_header</span>(cells):
- cells.insert(<span style="color:#d19a66">1</span>, html.th(<span style="color:#98c379">'用例名称'</span>))
- cells.insert(<span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>, html.th(<span style="color:#98c379">'Test_nodeid'</span>))
- cells.pop(<span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>)
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">pytest_html_results_table_row</span>(report, cells):
- cells.insert(<span style="color:#d19a66">1</span>, html.td(report.description))
- cells.insert(<span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>, html.td(report.nodeid))
- cells.pop(<span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>)
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">pytest_html_results_table_html</span>(report, data):
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> report.passed:
- <span style="color:#7171bf">del</span> data[:]
- data.append(html.div(<span style="color:#98c379">'通过的用例未捕获日志输出.'</span>, class_=<span style="color:#98c379">'empty log'</span>))
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">_capture_screenshot</span>():
- <span style="color:#98c379">'''
- 截图保存为base64
- :return:
- '''</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> driver.get_screenshot_as_base64()
-
- </code></span></span>
conftest.py测试框架pytest的胶水文件,里面用到了fixture的方法,封装并传递出了driver。
以上我们已经编写完成了整个框架和测试用例。
我们进入到当前项目的主目录执行命令:
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-powershell">pytest
- </code></span></span>
命令行输出:
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-powershell">Test session starts (platform: win32, Python <span style="color:#d19a66">3.7</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">7</span>, pytest <span style="color:#d19a66">5.3</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>, py<span style="color:#7171bf">test-sugar</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">0.9</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>)
- cachedir: .pytest_cache
- metadata: {<span style="color:#98c379">'Python'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'3.7.7'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'Platform'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'Windows-10-10.0.18362-SP0'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'Packages'</span>: {<span style="color:#98c379">'pytest'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'5.3.2'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'py'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'1.8.0'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'pluggy'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'0.13.1'</span>}, <span style="color:#98c379">'Plugins'</span>: {<span style="color:#98c379">'forked'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'1.1.3'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'html'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'2.0.1'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'metadata'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'1.8.0'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'ordering'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'0.6'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'rerunfailures'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'8.0'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'sugar'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'0.9.2'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'xdist'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'1.31.0'</span>}, <span style="color:#98c379">'JAVA_HOME'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'D:\\Program Files\\Java\\jdk1.8.0_131'</span>}
- rootdir: C:\Users\hoou\PycharmProjects\web<span style="color:#56b6c2">-demotest</span>, inifile: pytest.ini
- plugins: forked<span style="color:#56b6c2">-1</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">1.3</span>, html<span style="color:#56b6c2">-2</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">0.1</span>, metadata<span style="color:#56b6c2">-1</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">8.0</span>, ordering<span style="color:#56b6c2">-0</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">6</span>, rerunfailures<span style="color:#56b6c2">-8</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">0</span>, sugar<span style="color:#56b6c2">-0</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">9.2</span>, xdist<span style="color:#56b6c2">-1</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">31.0</span>
- collecting ...
- DevTools listening on ws://<span style="color:#d19a66">127.0</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">0.1</span>:<span style="color:#d19a66">10351</span>/devtools/browser/<span style="color:#d19a66">78</span>bef34d<span style="color:#56b6c2">-b94c-4087-b724-34fb6b2ef6d1</span>
-
- TestCase\test_search.py::TestSearch.test_001 ✓ <span style="color:#d19a66">50</span>% █████
-
- TestCase\test_search.py::TestSearch.test_002 ✓ <span style="color:#d19a66">100</span>% ██████████
- <span style="color:#56b6c2">-------------------------------</span> generated html file: file://C:\Users\hoou\PycharmProjects\web<span style="color:#56b6c2">-demotest</span>\report\report.html <span style="color:#56b6c2">--------------------------------</span>
-
- Results (<span style="color:#d19a66">12.90</span>s):
- <span style="color:#d19a66">2</span> passed
- </code></span></span>
可以看到两条用例已经执行成功了。
项目的report目录中生成了一个report.html文件。
这就是生成的测试报告文件。
当项目执行完成之后,需要发送到自己或者其他人邮箱里查看结果。
我们编写发送邮件的模块。
在utils目录中新建send_mail.py文件
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
- <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> zmail
- <span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> config.conf <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> cm
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">send_report</span>():
- <span style="color:#98c379">"""发送报告"""</span>
- <span style="color:#7171bf">with</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">open</span>(cm.REPORT_FILE, encoding=<span style="color:#98c379">'utf-8'</span>) <span style="color:#7171bf">as</span> f:
- content_html = f.read()
- <span style="color:#7171bf">try</span>:
- mail = {
- <span style="color:#98c379">'from'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'1084502012@qq.com'</span>,
- <span style="color:#98c379">'subject'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'最新的测试报告邮件'</span>,
- <span style="color:#98c379">'content_html'</span>: content_html,
- <span style="color:#98c379">'attachments'</span>: [cm.REPORT_FILE, ]
- }
- server = zmail.server(*cm.EMAIL_INFO.values())
- server.send_mail(cm.ADDRESSEE, mail)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">print</span>(<span style="color:#98c379">"测试邮件发送成功!"</span>)
- <span style="color:#7171bf">except</span> Exception <span style="color:#7171bf">as</span> e:
- <span style="color:#7171bf">print</span>(<span style="color:#98c379">"Error: 无法发送邮件,{}!"</span>, <span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>(e))
-
-
- <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">"__main__"</span>:
- <span style="color:#98c379">'''请先在config/conf.py文件设置QQ邮箱的账号和密码'''</span>
- send_report()
- </code></span></span>
执行该文件:
- <span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-shell">测试邮件发送成功!
- </code></span></span>
可以看到测试报告邮件已经发送成功了。打开邮箱。
成功收到了邮件。
这个demo项目就算是整体完工了;是不是很有心得,在发送邮件的那一刻很有成就感。
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