使用ubuntu并安装常用软件

文章目录

推荐
实验环境

实验环境

参考：

查看系统信息的指令：

cat /proc/version
uname -a
sudo lshw
gnome-shell --version
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项目	内容
系统	Ubuntu 22.04(jammy)
内存	12GiB
处理器	Intel® Core™ i5-6300HQ CPU @ 2.30GHz × 4
图形	Intel® HD Graphics 530 & GM107M [GeForce GTX 960M]
GNOME	GNOME Shell 42.9
操作系统类型	64位
磁盘	128GB

电脑通过apt安装软件时文件保存位置

gpg文件位置：/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/
list文件位置：/etc/apt/sources.list.d/
或者另一个位置也是可以的：
gpg文件位置：/etc/apt/keyrings/
list文件位置：/etc/apt/sources.list.d/
或者另一个位置：
gpg文件位置：/usr/share/keyrings/
list文件位置：/etc/apt/sources.list.d/

添加交换空间

cd /
sudo swapoff -a
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1G count=12
sudo chmod 600 /swapfile
sudo mkswap /swapfile
sudo fdisk -l
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.bak
echo '/swapfile none swap sw 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
sudo swapon -a
free -h
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安装ssh

sudo apt install openssh-client
sudo apt install openssh-server
ssh -V
sudo /etc/init.d/ssh start
sudo /etc/init.d/ssh stop
sudo /etc/init.d/ssh restart
ssh-keygen
ssh-copy-id -i id_rsa.pub user@hostname
ssh -L local-port:target-hostname:target-port user@remote-hostname -p remote-port
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参考：CSDN:ssh 使用

安装pulse secure

参考：Ivanti

sudo dpkg -i *.deb
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添加连接：https://sslvpn.tsinghua.edu.cn

安装OBS Studio

参考：OBS Studio

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:obsproject/obs-studio
sudo apt update
sudo apt install ffmpeg obs-studio
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配置选择：窗口采集

seafile

Seafile是一个云盘服务提供商。

sudo wget https://linux-clients.seafile.com/seafile.asc -O /usr/share/keyrings/seafile-keyring.asc
echo "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/seafile-keyring.asc] https://linux-clients.seafile.com/seafile-deb/$(lsb_release -cs)/ stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/seafile.list > /dev/null
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y seafile-gui
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配置：单点登录：https://cloud.tsinghua.edu.cn

Google Chrome

参考：CSDN：Ubuntu下各种软件的安装和卸载

通过deb包来安装Google Chrome。

#写完了文档，但是CSDN给我吃了，心态崩了，简化指令了
# 安装
dpkg -i *.deb
# 维护依赖
apt install -f
# 搜索
dpkg --list
# 卸载
dpkg -r *
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Chrome不用多说，浏览器的神，不过现在大部分都是使用chatgpt作为主力搜索应用，单纯使用chrome需要搜索者具有良好的prompt技术和批判性思维，不过google出来的参考信息的可靠性还是很高的。

VSCode

参考：VSCode：Visual Studio Code on Linux、CSDN：Ubuntu安装与配置Docker

同样是通过deb包管理器dpkg来进行安装，软件名字为code

# 下载安装包
# 安装vscode
sudo dpkg -i code_1.80.0-1688479026_amd64.deb
#提示如下：
正在选中未选择的软件包 code。
(正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前共安装有 206577 个文件和目录。)
准备解压 code_1.80.0-1688479026_amd64.deb  ...
正在解压 code (1.80.0-1688479026) ...
正在设置 code (1.80.0-1688479026) ...
正在处理用于 mailcap (3.70+nmu1ubuntu1) 的触发器 ...
正在处理用于 gnome-menus (3.36.0-1ubuntu3) 的触发器 ...
正在处理用于 desktop-file-utils (0.26-1ubuntu3) 的触发器 ...
正在处理用于 shared-mime-info (2.1-2) 的触发器 ...
# 安装完成
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另一种方式是通过添加gpg源来安装。

sudo apt-get install wget gpg
wget -qO- https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | gpg --dearmor > packages.microsoft.gpg
sudo install -D -o root -g root -m 644 packages.microsoft.gpg /etc/apt/keyrings/packages.microsoft.gpg
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=amd64,arm64,armhf signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/packages.microsoft.gpg] https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/code stable main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscode.list'
rm -f packages.microsoft.gpg
sudo apt install apt-transport-https
sudo apt update
sudo apt install code
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vscode不用多说，它适合安装上插件然后连接远程服务器进行开发。那体验相当于把xftp、xshell、ssh、docker多个工具集成起来。

安装Docker

参考：

Docker系统要求：

64位、虚拟化：
64位：sudo uname -a：“x86-64”
虚拟化：lscpu：“Virtualization：VT-x”
KVM虚拟化支持：
查看当前用户：whoami\id $USER\sudo apt install cpu-checker：
QEMU must be version 5.2 or newer:
更新：

下面是安装docker desktop的过程，通过第三方源来安装，docker desktop不好用，推荐安装docker engine。

#通过更换软件源来安装docker
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ca-certificates
sudo apt-get install curl
sudo apt-get install gnupg-agent
sudo apt-get install software-properties-common
sudo apt-get install software-properties-common gnupg-agent curl ca-certificates
# 安装gpg key
curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg
# 安装源
echo \
"deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu \
$(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
# 更新
sudo apt update
# 安装
sudo apt install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
# 检查应用安装状态
sudo systemctl status docker
# 启动docker
sudo systemctl start docker
# Uninstall Docker Engine
sudo apt-get purge docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin docker-ce-rootless-extras
# 删除镜像，应用
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/docker
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/containerd
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安装docker engine的过程：
参考：Docker：Install Docker Engine on Ubuntu

for pkg in docker.io docker-doc docker-compose podman-docker containerd runc; do sudo apt-get remove $pkg; done
# Add Docker's official GPG key:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ca-certificates curl gnupg
sudo install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings
curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg
sudo chmod a+r /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg
# Add the repository to Apt sources:
echo \
  "deb [arch="$(dpkg --print-architecture)" signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu \
  "$(. /etc/os-release && echo "$VERSION_CODENAME")" stable" | \
  sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin
sudo gpasswd -a $USER docker
# 检查应用安装状态
sudo systemctl status docker
# 启动docker
sudo systemctl start docker
# Uninstall Docker Engine
sudo apt-get purge docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin docker-ce-rootless-extras
# 删除镜像，应用
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/docker
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/containerd
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docker engine很好用。

硬盘自动挂载alist

参考：

使用预编译的二进制压缩包进行安装

# Unzip the downloaded file to get the executable file:
tar -zxvf alist-xxxx.tar.gz
# Grant program execution permissions:
chmod +x alist
# Run the program
sudo ./alist server
#提示信息
INFO[2023-07-14 12:54:35] reading config file: data/config.json        
INFO[2023-07-14 12:54:35] config file not exists, creating default config file 
INFO[2023-07-14 12:54:35] load config from env with prefix: ALIST_     
INFO[2023-07-14 12:54:35] init logrus...                               
INFO[2023-07-14 12:54:35] Successfully created the admin user and the initial password is: jTZARYlz 
INFO[2023-07-14 12:54:35] start HTTP server @ 0.0.0.0:5244             
INFO[2023-07-14 12:54:35] qbittorrent not ready.                       
INFO[2023-07-14 12:54:35] Aria2 not ready. 
# Get admin's info
./alist admin
# 守护
sudo vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/alist.service
[Unit]
Description=alist
After=network.target
 
[Service]
Type=simple
WorkingDirectory=path_alist
ExecStart=path_alist/alist server
Restart=on-failure
 
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

# 启动，关闭，重启
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start alist
systemctl stop alist
systemctl restart alist
# 挂载到本地及卸载
sudo apt install davfs2
sudo mount -t davfs -o noexec http://127.0.0.1:5244/dav ./ali
sudo umount ali
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说实话，不管怎么挂载，读取上传的速度还是不是很快，网盘垃圾就是垃圾。

安装zotero

参考：

通过预编译的二进制包安装Zotero

# 解压安装包后运行zotero
./zotero
#提示如下所示
dpkg-query: 没有找到与 openoffice\.org-writer 相匹配的软件包
ii  libreoffice-writer 1:7.3.7-0ubuntu0.22.04.3 amd64        office productivity suite -- word processor
Gtk-Message: 17:26:41.507: Not loading module "atk-bridge": The functionality is provided by GTK natively. Please try to not load it.
dpkg-query: 没有找到与 openoffice\.org-writer 相匹配的软件包
ii  libreoffice-writer 1:7.3.7-0ubuntu0.22.04.3 amd64        office productivity suite -- word processor
ii  libreoffice-java-common                    1:7.3.7-0ubuntu0.22.04.3                all          office productivity suite -- arch-independent Java support files
ERROR: Exception occurred: 未安装该扩展程序： org.Zotero.integration.openoffice ./desktop/source/deployment/manager/dp_manager.cxx:971

ERROR: unopkg failed.
# 然后再运行zotero
sudo ./zotero
#提示报错
[sudo] stu 的密码： 
Running Firefox as root in a regular user's session is not supported.  ($XAUTHORITY is /run/user/1000/.mutter-Xwaylandauth.6RWL71 which is owned by stu.)
# 生成图标
sudo ./set_launcher_icon
# 连接
ln -s /usr/local/bin/Zotero_linux-x86_64/zotero.desktop ~/.local/share/applications/zotero.desktop
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Zotero的具体配置内容参考我的其他文章。
推荐使用zotero官方推荐的community maintain的版本，一键式安装，快捷方便。参考：Github：zotero-deb

wget -qO- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/retorquere/zotero-deb/master/install.sh | sudo bash
sudo apt update
sudo apt install zotero
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zotero是真香，配合webdav服务提供商和overleaf在线latex文档编辑工具，直接起飞。

安装腾讯会议

参考：博客园：Ubuntu 22.04 安装常用办公软件

腾讯会议官网提供了deb安装包，所以采用deb包通用的安装方式：dpkg进行安装。软件名字为wemeet

# 下载安装包
# 通过deb包进行安装
sudo dpkg -i TencentMeeting_0300000000_3.15.0.402_x86_64_default.publish.deb
# 更新依赖
sudo apt install -f
#提示存在问题，窗口采用wayland协议
cd /etc/gdm3/
sudo vim /etc/gdm3/custom.conf
#WaylandEnable=false 的注释井号去掉
sudo service gdm3 restart
#注意，静待好久，别心急也别心慌。耐心等待，会重启的。
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安装texlive

参考：

通过命令行下载安装

# 获取预编译安装包
wget https://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet/install-tl-unx.tar.gz
# 解压
zcat < install-tl-unx.tar.gz | tar xf -
# 跳转到解压后的文件夹
cd install-tl-*
# 安装texlive
sudo perl ./install-tl --no-interaction
#等待安装完成
Loading https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CTAN/systems/texlive/tlnet/tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb
Installing TeX Live 2023 from: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CTAN/systems/texlive/tlnet (verified)
Platform: x86_64-linux => 'GNU/Linux on x86_64'
Distribution: net  (downloading)
Using URL: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CTAN/systems/texlive/tlnet
Directory for temporary files: /tmp/j94GndwruI
Installing to: /usr/local/texlive/2023
Installing [1/4, time/total: ??:??/??:??]: hyphen-base [22k]
Installing [2/4, time/total: 00:03/04:53]: kpathsea [1048k]
Installing [3/4, time/total: 00:07/00:14]: texlive-scripts [530k]
Installing [4/4, time/total: 00:09/00:12]: texlive.infra [547k]
Time used for installing the packages: 00:18
Installing [0001/4563, time/total: ??:??/??:??]: 12many [376k]
....
Time used for installing the packages: 5:16:44
running mktexlsr /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-dist ...
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-dist/ls-R... 
mktexlsr: Done.
writing fmtutil.cnf to /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-dist/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
writing updmap.cfg to /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-dist/web2c/updmap.cfg
writing language.dat to /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-var/tex/generic/config/language.dat
writing language.def to /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-var/tex/generic/config/language.def
writing language.dat.lua to /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-var/tex/generic/config/language.dat.lua
running mktexlsr /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-var /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-config /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-dist ...
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-config/ls-R... 
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-dist/ls-R... 
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-var/ls-R... 
mktexlsr: Done.
running updmap-sys --nohash ...done
re-running mktexlsr /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-var /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-config ...
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-config/ls-R... 
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-var/ls-R... 
mktexlsr: Done.
setting up ConTeXt cache: running mtxrun --generate ...done
running context --luatex --generate ...done
pre-generating all format files, be patient...
running fmtutil-sys --no-error-if-no-engine=luametatex,luajithbtex,luajittex,mfluajit --no-strict --all ...done
running package-specific postactions
finished with package-specific postactions
欢迎进入 TeX Live 的世界！


See /usr/local/texlive/2023/index.html for links to documentation.
The TeX Live web site (https://tug.org/texlive/) contains any updates and corrections. TeX Live is a joint project of the TeX user groups around the world; please consider supporting it by joining the group best for you. The list of groups is available on the web at https://tug.org/usergroups.html.


Add /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-dist/doc/man to MANPATH.
Add /usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-dist/doc/info to INFOPATH.
Most importantly, add /usr/local/texlive/2023/bin/x86_64-linux
to your PATH for current and future sessions.
Logfile: /usr/local/texlive/2023/install-tl.log
# 修改配置文件
vim ~/.bashrc
export PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2023/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH
export MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-dist/doc/man:$PATH
export INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2023/texmf-dist/doc/info:$PATH
source ~/.bashrc
sudo reboot
tex --version
sudo apt-get install texlive-latex-extra
sudo apt-get install texlive-latex-recommended
sudo apt-get install texlive-science
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安装时间确实相当漫长。而且配置vscode还要设置什么编译链，说不定还会报错，只能说用overleaf它不香嘛，费这鸟劲

配置webdav服务器

用zotero管理文献时，官方云空间只有300Mb，放几本书就塞满了，所以很不方便，碰巧我有一台云服务器，所以想把云服务器设置为webdav服务器这样就可以存放文件了。
参考文献：

#首先设置webdav服务所对应的文件夹，并修改用户及权限。
sudo chown www-data:www-data /home/dxr
#然后修改nginx的配置文件
sudo vim nginx.conf
#添加如下内容
server {
        listen 8081 ;
        listen [::]:8081 ;
        server_name localhost;
        charset utf-8;

        auth_basic realm_name;
        root /home/dxr;
        auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/.passwords.list;
        dav_methods PUT DELETE MKCOL COPY MOVE;
        dav_ext_methods PROPFIND OPTIONS;
        dav_access user:rw group:rw all:rw;
        client_body_temp_path /home/dav/temp;
        client_max_body_size 0;
        create_full_put_path on;
        autoindex on;
}
#修改完成后重启nginx服务
sudo nginx -c nginx.conf
sudo nginx -s reload
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费这大劲还要买个服务器，使用infinicloud获得 $20\textbf{GB}$ 免费的云存储空间，国内也可以访问，不限制上传下载速度，同时提供webdav服务它不香吗？

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原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_45477628/article/details/132165918