CRUD : Create(创建), Retrieve(读取),Update(更新),Delete(删除)
INSERT [INTO] table_name
[(column [, column] ...)]
VALUES (value_list) [, (value_list)] ...
value_list: value, [, value] ...
-- 创建一张学生表
create table students (
id int unsigned primary key auto_increment,
sn int unsigned unique key,
name varchar(20) not null,
qq varchar(20)
);
– 插入两条记录,value_list 数量必须和定义表的列的数量及顺序一致
– 注意,这里在插入的时候,也可以不用指定id(当然,那时候就需要明确插入数据到那些列了),那么mysql会使用默认的值进行自增。
INSERT INTO students VALUES (100, 10000, '唐三藏', NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
INSERT INTO students VALUES (101, 10001, '孙悟空', '11111');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
-- 查看插入结果
SELECT * FROM students;
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| 100 | 10000 | 唐三藏 | NULL |
| 101 | 10001 | 孙悟空 | 11111 |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
– 插入两条记录,value_list 数量必须和指定列数量及顺序一致
INSERT INTO students (id, sn, name) VALUES
(102, 20001, '曹孟德'),
(103, 20002, '孙仲谋');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
由于 主键 或者 唯一键 对应的值已经存在而导致插入失败。
-- 主键冲突
INSERT INTO students (id, sn, name) VALUES (100, 10010, '唐大师');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '100' for key 'PRIMARY'
-- 唯一键冲突
INSERT INTO students (sn, name) VALUES (20001, '曹阿瞒');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '20001' for key 'sn'
INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
column = value [, column = value] ...
insert into students (id,sn,name) values (100,10010,'唐三藏') on dupliicate key update sn = 10010,name = '唐宝包'
SELECT ROW_COUNT();
+-------------+
| ROW_COUNT() |
+-------------+
| 2 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- ON DUPLICATE KEY 当发生重复key的时候
-- 0 row affected: 表中有冲突数据,但冲突数据的值和 update 的值相等
-- 1 row affected: 表中没有冲突数据,数据被插入
-- 2 row affected: 表中有冲突数据,并且数据已经被更新
-- 主键 或者 唯一键 没有冲突,则直接插入;
-- 主键 或者 唯一键 如果冲突,则删除后再插入
REPLACE INTO students (sn, name) VALUES (20001, '曹阿瞒');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
-- 1 row affected: 表中没有冲突数据,数据被插入
-- 2 row affected: 表中有冲突数据,删除后重新插入
SELECT
[DISTINCT] {* | {column [, column]
[FROM table_name]
[WHERE ...]
[ORDER BY column [ASC | DESC], ..
LIMIT ...
-- 通常情况下不建议使用 * 进行全列查询
-- 1. 查询的列越多,意味着需要传输的数据量越大;
-- 2. 可能会影响到索引的使用。(索引待后面课程讲解)
-- 指定列的顺序不需要按定义表的顺序来
SELECT id, name, english FROM exam_result;
-- 表达式不包含字段
SELECT id, name, 10 FROM exam_result;
-- 表达式包含一个字段
SELECT id, name, english + 10 FROM exam_result;
-- 表达式包含多个字段
语法:
SELECT column [AS] alias_name [...] FROM table_name;
英语不及格的同学及英语成绩 ( < 60 )
SELECT name, english FROM exam_result WHERE english < 60;
语文成绩在 [80, 90] 分的同学及语文成绩:
– 使用 AND 进行条件连接
SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE chinese >= 80 AND chinese <= 90;
– 使用 BETWEEN … AND … 条件
SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE chinese BETWEEN 80 AND 90;
数学成绩是 58 或者 59 或者 98 或者 99 分的同学及数学成绩
– 使用 OR 进行条件连接
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result
WHERE math = 58
OR math = 59
OR math = 98
OR math = 99;
– 使用 IN 条件
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE math IN (58, 59, 98, 99);
姓孙的同学 及 孙某同学
– % 匹配任意多个(包括 0 个)任意字符
SELECT name FROM exam_result WHERE name LIKE '孙%';
– 匹配严格的一个任意字符
SELECT name FROM exam_result WHERE name LIKE ‘孙_’;
语文成绩好于英语成绩的同学
总分在 200 分以下的同学
-- WHERE 条件中使用表达式
-- 别名不能用在 WHERE 条件中
SELECT name, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
WHERE chinese + math + english < 200;
语文成绩 > 80 并且不姓孙的同学
-- AND 与 NOT 的使用
SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result
WHERE chinese > 80 AND name NOT LIKE '孙%';
孙某同学,否则要求总成绩 > 200 并且 语文成绩 < 数学成绩 并且 英语成绩 > 80
-- 综合性查询
SELECT name, chinese, math, english, chinese + math + english 总分
FROM exam_result
WHERE name LIKE '孙_' OR (
chinese + math + english > 200 AND chinese < math AND english > 80
);
NULL 的查询
-- 查询 students 表
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| 100 | 10010 | 唐大师 | NULL |
比
| 101 | 10001 | 孙悟空 | 11111 |
| 103 | 20002 | 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 104 | 20001 | 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
-- 查询chinese已知的同学姓名
-- ASC 为升序(从小到大)
-- DESC 为降序(从大到小)
-- 默认为 ASC
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...]
ORDER BY column [ASC|DESC], [...];
注意:没有 ORDER BY 子句的查询,返回的顺序是未定义的,永远不要依赖这个顺序。
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result ORDER BY math;
-- NULL 视为比任何值都小,升序出现在最上面
SELECT name, qq FROM students ORDER BY qq;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 唐大师 | NULL |
| 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- NULL 视为比任何值都小,降序出现在最下面
SELECT name, qq FROM students ORDER BY qq DESC;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
| 唐大师 | NULL |
| 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 多字段排序,排序优先级随书写顺序
SELECT name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
ORDER BY math DESC, english, chinese;
-- ORDER BY 子句中可以使用列别名
SELECT name, chinese + english + math 总分 FROM exam_result
ORDER BY 总分 DESC;
+-----------+--------+
| name | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+
| 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 孙权 | 221 |
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result
WHERE name LIKE '孙%' OR name LIKE '曹%'
ORDER BY math DESC;
语法:
-- 起始下标为 0
-- 从 s 开始,筛选 n 条结果
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT s, n
-- 从 0 开始,筛选 n 条结果
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT n;
;
-- 从 s 开始,筛选 n 条结果,比第二种用法更明确,建议使用
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT n OFFSET s;
SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
ORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 0;
SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
ORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 3;
建议:对未知表进行查询时,最好加一条 LIMIT 1,避免因为表中数据过大,查询全表数据导致数据库卡死,按 id 进行分页,每页 3 条记录,分别显示 第 1、2、3 页。
UPDATE table_name SET column = expr [, column = expr ...]
[WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT ...]
-- 更新值为原值基础上变更
-- 查看原数据
-- 别名可以在ORDER BY中使用
SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
ORDER BY 总分 LIMIT 3;
-- 数据更新,不支持 math += 30 这种语法
UPDATE exam_result SET math = math + 30
ORDER BY chinese + math + english LIMIT 3;
-- 查看更新后数据
-- 思考:这里还可以按总分升序排序取前 3 个么?
SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
WHERE name IN ('宋公明', '刘玄德', '曹孟德');
-- 按总成绩排序后查询结果
SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
ORDER BY 总分 LIMIT 3;
UPDATE exam_result SET chinese = chinese * 2;
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 7 Changed: 7 Warnings: 0
-- 查看更新后数据
SELECT * FROM exam_result;
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT ...]
-- 删除数据
DELETE FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.17 sec)
-- 查看删除结果
SELECT * FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
-- 准备测试表
CREATE TABLE for_delete (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(20)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)
INSERT INTO for_delete (name) VALUES ('A'), ('B'), ('C');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (1.05 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
-- 查看测试数据
SELECT * FROM for_delete;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | A |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | C |
+----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 删除整表数据
DELETE FROM for_delete;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
-- 查看删除结果
SELECT * FROM for_delete;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
-- 再插入一条数据,自增 id 在原值上增长
INSERT INTO for_delete (name) VALUES ('D');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
-- 查看数据
SELECT * FROM for_delete;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 4 | D |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
TRUNCATE [TABLE] table_name
-- 准备测试表
CREATE TABLE for_truncate (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(20)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)
-- 插入测试数据
INSERT INTO for_truncate (name) VALUES ('A'), ('B'), ('C');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (1.05 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
-- 查看测试数据
SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | A |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | C |
+----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)