英语写作应该是越精炼越好。写完一个句子,建议尝试删除某个或某些单词,如果删除后句子意义基本不变,就应该删除。
使用所有格可以省去至少一个单词(of),如:Kang's book Thomas's coffee
大多数情况,直接在后面加s。少数情况下,单词以s结尾时,只加单引号而不加s。如果实在不确定是否可以用所有格时,就还是用of,如: the book of Iris
但需要注意的是,代词所有格his,hers,its,theirs,yours和oneself后面都不应该加单引号。
三个或三个以上单词连在一句话里时,应该都用逗号分隔,最后一个之前多半用and连接,也可能是or、but等连词,例如:
(1) Monday, Wednesday and Friday
(2) solid, dashed, dotted or patterned line
(3) old-fashioned, stubborn but hardworking
(4) The user reads the instruction, clicks on the start button and works on the experiment
如果多词列举未尽,相当于中文的“等等”,后面可以用etc.(注意:带着句号)或and so on,两者意思一样,它们之前必须有逗号,但如果etc.结束一个语句,则其后只写一个句号,如:
(1) Bauhaus instructors, Kandinsky, Klee, etc., all taught entry level art courses.
(2) Twenty universities include Harvard, Stanford, MIT, etc.
一句话用逗号分割,既要考虑分割的必要性(例如为避免被误解),又不能严重影响到语句阅读的流畅性。
A popular curve algorithm, known as B-spline, draws a smooth curve consisting of many curve segments.
这里,known as B-spline的前后两个逗号不能只写一个。如果把两个逗号都删除,句子也成立,不至于被误解,只是不那么强调新引进的 B-spline概念。
但需要注意的,不要用逗号连接两个相关但独立的语句,比如:
Figure1 depicts a simple callgraph of a program. The call graph represents the behavioral structure during the program execution.
这两个句子语法完整,最多可以用分号分割,即:
Figure1 depicts a simple callgraph of a program; The call graph represents the behavioral structure during the program execution.
而不要用逗号分割。如果整句不长,用逗号分割时,逗号前应加一个连词,如and。
Figure1 depicts a simple callgraph of a program,and the call graph represents the behavioral structure during the program execution.
这里如果用which代替 and call graph似乎使整句更简洁,但会出现二义性,which指的是call graph还是program?
同样需要注意,不要用句号分割本来应该完整的句子,如:
She is an excellent speaker. A professor who has delivered keynote speeches at several top conferences.
这里的第一个句号显然应该是逗号,其后的a小写。
She is an excellent speaker,a professor who has delivered keynote speeches at several top conferences.
很多人喜欢把相关的、解释性的或举例的等意思写在括号里。这里需要知道一条规则,就是括号部分应该不算作句子的任何成分。换句话说,去掉括号里的内容,该语句同样完整,只是读起来被括号中断,类似上面所说的逗号分割的情况。
如果用括号将独立的一句话或短语包围,则句号应该放在右括号的前面。
论文中,有时需要引用别人说过的话,或者出版物发表过的陈述。
用正式文档作为例证时,引导出这类文档的引用句应该由冒号结束,如:
The experiment guideline is: "Download the two image files img1.jpg and img2.jpg."
如果引用句正好在宾语的位置,就可以用逗号结束引导句,如:
Sky says, "The point digs itself into the plane."
如果被引用的是一段话,则引导句以冒号结束后换行,被引用的段落可以不用引号,但最好用斜体,如:
In his book entitled "Point and Line to Plane"(1926), Kandinsky wrote:
The point digs itself into the plane.
使用修饰词,常见的错误是修饰词的位置放得不对,造成误解或二义性,如:
All the switches are not turned on.
到底是并非所有的switches都turned on(即,有的on,有的off),还是所有的switches都没有turned on(即,没有一个on)?
如果是前者:Not all the switches are turned on.
如果是后者:None of the switches is turned on.
类似地,
The facility is only accessible to us this year.
这里的only是修饰us还是修饰this year?
如果是前者:The facility is accessible this year only to us.
如果是后者:The facility is accessible to us only this year.
这两个语句意思显然不同。
使用动词短语可以避免主语的重复。换句话说,一个语句前的动词短语,其主语应该和该语句的主语一样,只是被省略了,如:
Using a visualization approach, we are able to present the concept intuitively.
两部分主语都是we.
A popular curve algorithm, known as B-spline, draws a smooth curve consisting of many curve segments.
这个从句是限定性的。限定性意指:如果将该子句删除,整个句子就失去意义了。在此情况下,不应该前后加逗号。
非限定性从句,则应该由逗号前后分割,删除从句和逗号后,句子依然成立。
The B-spline alogorithm, which is popular in computer-aided design applications, draws a smooth curve consisting of many curve segments.
The participants, who came from three different schools, took the experiment seriously.
这里的从句只起到对主句补充说明的作用,所以从句与主句也可以写成两个独立的语句:
The B-spline alogorithm is popular in computer-aided design applications. Its draws a smooth curve consisting of many curve segments.
The participants came from three different schools. They took the experiment seriously.
使用肯定形式使语句直截了当,避免否定形式、拖泥带水和犹豫不决的说法,比如:
Sofatware maintenance is not an easy and cheap task.
就不如:
Software maintenance is a challenging and costly task.
再如:
The system is not fast enough to process a large number of images in real-time.
就不如:
The system is too slow to process a large number of images in real-time.
在科技写作中,尤其不要使用带感情色彩的负面形容词,如:
The system is terribly slow and cannot process a large number of images in real-time.
这里的terribly不应该有。但是用extremely和very,虽然感情因素少了,但不仅不准确而且多余,可以删除。类似的词,还有certainly。
有时负面情绪比not更直接、斩钉截铁,如
The program could not return correct results.
就不如:
The program failed to return correct results.
主动语态通常比被动语态更直接、更严谨。尤其科技英语中。被动语态往往会产生二义性,比如:
Our approach uses call graphs to represent program behavior.
显然比
Call graphs are used to represent program behavior by our approach.强很多。不仅直截了当,而且简练。如果为了简练,将被动句后by our approach去掉,则会出现二义性或误解,即,谁、哪个方法或哪个工作用call graph来表示program behavior?
科技论文中不该用第一人称,即 I,作为主语。所以很多情况下,主语是we。问题是,为了避免被动语态,不得不重复使用we。但太多的语句用we起始又显得单调和乏味。有时也可以用our work或our approach等说法代替。在没有必要特指谁的情况下,可以用中性词one当主语,比如:
Comparing the two painting in Figure1,one may observe their similarity in style.
另外,为了减少使用we:给自己的工作(方法或系统)起个名称,然后在很多需要用we的情况下,就直接使用该名称(当然它应该是第三人称)。
在上下文很清楚的情况下,被动语态有时可能会更精简,所以可以少量用一些被动语态。但中国学生在用被动语态时,常犯一个错误,就是把整个动作语句写作主语,谓语动词完全只是起到完成句子的作用,比如:
A survey on this direction of research was made by Smith[1] in 2010.
这里的made只是为了使这个语句完整。显然写成,
This direction of research was surveyed by Smith[1] in 2010.更精简。
但是需要避免一个被动语态影响另一个被动语态,例如:
The "Finish" button is not allowed to be pressed in the middle of the experiment.
可以写成:
Pressing the "Finish" button in the middle of the experiment is prohibited.
或者:
It is prohibited to press the "Finish" button in the middle of the experiment.(不如上面的写法)
有些情况下,被动语态完全没有必要,如:
The algorithm has been proven to be run in polynomial time
可以写成:
The algorithm has been proven to run in polynomial time.
写科技论文时,最好都用现在时。只有在回顾相关工作时,可以采用过去时,但也同样可以用现在时。但无论用什么时态,一定要保持一致,不要在一段或一节里用不同的时态。
介绍操作时,尽量不要用进行时或将来时。
很多人在统指某人时,喜欢用they,而上下文分明指的是单数。
比如:
Everybody needs to provide their name.(错)
应该写成:
Everybody needs to provide his or her name.
再如:
Each person first states which city they were born.(错)
应该写成:
Each person first states which city he or she was born.
没有比较时,也就是没必要用than时,不要写more,否则more的作用和意思与less没什么区别。
平行结构的几个语句应该写成类似句法,比如:
Ten years ago,Java was a favorite programming language,while now people prefer Python.(不好)
可以写成:
Ten years ago,Java was a favorite programming language; now Python is preferred.
这种并行原理同样适合多个并行词组的写法,如:
The button,the checkbox,menu and scrollbar(错)
应该写成:
The button,checkbox,menu and scrollbar.
或者:
The button,the checkbox,the menu and the scrollbar(不如上面简练).
再如:
In Figure 1,Figure 3,and in Figure 5.(错)
应该写成:
In Figure 1,Figure 3 and Figure 5,或更简练 In Figures 1,3 and 5。
或者:
In Figure 1 ,in Figure 3 and in Figure 5(不如上面简练)。
也就是说,第一个词加以冠词或介词,后面的都不加;或者后面的词都加,不能有的加,有的不加。
这种一致性结构的原则同样适用于连词(如both, and; either, or; not, but; first, second, third等)相连的词组,比如:
It is presented either as a pie chart ,or a bar chart.(错)
应该改为:
It is presented as either a pie chart, or a bar chart.
也就是把词的顺序调换一下即可。
再如:
It is both a clear illustration and precise.(错)
完全不是并列句形式,所以应该改为:
The illustration is both clear and precise.
如果有三个以上平行句或多词组合,可以用要点形式(bullet points);如果有很多并行词组或项目,建议用表格罗列。总之,科技论文以清晰、精准和易读为准绳。
英式英语和美式英语在发音和拼写上都有不少区别。澳大利亚英语虽然发音与英式和美式都不同,但书面上与英式一样。这里不考虑发音区别和日常用语上的区别,表中列出一些最典型的科技英语中可能见到的词汇的差异(比日常生活中用法差异小多了),供参考。
英式英语 | 美式英语 |
centre | center |
colour | color |
neighbour | neighbor |
-ise(如:organise) | -ize(如:organize) |
无论使用美式英语还是英式英语,在一篇文章中应只用一种,不要混合使用。可以借助Microsoft Word或LaTex文本编辑器里美式英语和英式英语字典来达到统一。
通常科技领域的会议和期刊不会要求一定得用美式英语或英式英语。