• 3. 投票 案例项目(合集)


    3.投票-1创建项目和子应用

    创建项目

    • 命令
      $ python django-admin startproject mysite
      
    • 目录结构
      
      
      mysite/               # 项目容器、可任意命名
          manage.py         # 命令行工具
          mysite/           # 纯 Python 包 # 你引用任何东西都要用到它
              __init__.py   # 空文件 告诉Python这个目录是Python包
              settings.py   # Django 项目配置文件
              urls.py       # URL 声明  # 就像网站目录
              asgi.py       # 部署时用的配置 # 运行在ASGI兼容的Web服务器上的 入口
              wsgi.py       # 部署时用的配置 # 运行在WSGI兼容的Web服务器上的 
      
      
    • 初始化数据库 迁移
      $ python mangae.py makemigrations
      
      $ python manage.py migrate
      

    Django 简易服务器

    • 用于开发使用,Django 在网络框架方面很NB, 但在网络服务器方面不行~

      专业的事让专业的程序做嘛,最后部署到 Nginx Apache 等专业网络服务器上就行啦。

    • 自动重启服务器

      对每次访问请求、重新载入一遍 Python 代码

      新添加文件等一些操作 不会触发重启

    • 命令

      $ python manage.py runserver
      
      E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
      E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py runserver
      Watching for file changes with StatReloader
      Performing system checks...
      
      System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
      June 29, 2022 - 22:35:10
      Django version 4.0.5, using settings 'mysite.settings'
      Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
      Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
      
    • 指定端口

      $ python manage.py runserver 8080
      

    创建应用


    • 命令
      $ python manage.py startapp polls
      
    • 目录结构
      polls/
          __init__.py
          admin.py
          apps.py
          migrations/
              __init__.py
          models.py
          tests.py
          views.py
      

    编写应用视图

    • 视图函数
      # polls/views.py
      
      from django.shortcuts import render
      
      # Create your views here.
      
      from django.http import HttpRespose
      
      
      def index(rquest):
      
          return HttpResponse("投票应用 -首页")
      

    配置路由

    • 配置路由

      # polls/urls.py  子应用路由
      
      from django.urls import path
      
      from . import views
      
      urlpatterns = [
          path('', views.index, name='index'),
      ]
      
      # mysite/urls.py  全局路由 include()即插即用
      
      from django.contrib import admin
      from django.urls import include, path
      
      urlpatterns = [
          path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
          path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
      ]
      
    • 效果

      截图



    path() 参数含义


    path('', views.index, name='index'),
    
    path('polls/', include('polls.urls'))
    
    • route 路径

      一个匹配URL的规则,类似正则表达式。不匹配GET、POST传参 、域名

    • view 视图函数

       Django 调用这个函数,默认传给函数一个 HttpRequest 参数
      
    • kwargs 视图函数参数

      字典格式

    • name 给这条URL取一个温暖的名子~

      可以在 Django 的任意地方唯一的引用。允许你只改一个文件就能全局地修改某个 URL 模式。

    3.投票-2本地化和数据库API

    本地化配置

    • 时区和语言

      # mysite/mysite/settings.py
      
      # Internationalization
      # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/topics/i18n/
      
      LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'   # 'en-us'
      
      TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
      
      USE_I18N = True
      
      USE_TZ = True
      
      
    • 为啥要在数据库之前?

      配置时区,数据库可以以此做相应配置。比如时间的存放是以UTC还是本地时间...


    数据库配置

    • django 支持 sqlite mysql postgresql oracle
    • 默认是sqlite 它是本地的一个文件name 哪里直接写了文件的绝对路径
      # mysite/mysite/settings.py
      
      # Database
      # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/ref/settings/#databases
      
      DATABASES = {
          'default': {
              'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
              'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
          }
      }
      
      
    • 迁移 主要为Django默认的模型建表
      python manage.py migrate
      

    创建模型


    • 编写

      # mysite/polls/models.py
      
      from django.db import models
      
      
      class Question(models.Model):
          question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
          pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
      
      
      class Choice(models.Model):
          question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
          choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
          votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
      
    • 很多数据库的知识 都可以用到里面

      Question Choice 类都是基于models.Model, 是它的子类。

      类的属性--------表的字段

      类名-----------表名

      还有pub_date on_delete=models.CASCAD 级联删除, pub_date 的字段描述, vo tes的默认值, 都和数据库很像。

      而且max_length这个个字段,让Django可以在前端自动校验我们的数据

    激活模型


    • 把配置注册到项目

      # mysite/mysite/settings.py
      
      # Application definition
      
      INSTALLED_APPS = [
          'polls.apps.PollsConfig',
      
          'django.contrib.admin',
          'django.contrib.auth',
          'django.contrib.contenttypes',
          'django.contrib.sessions',
          'django.contrib.messages',
          'django.contrib.staticfiles',
      ]
      
    • 做迁移-

      仅仅把模型的配置信息转化成 Sql 语言

      (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py makemigrations polls
      Migrations for 'polls':
        polls\migrations\0001_initial.py
          - Create model Question
          - Create model Choice
      

      查看 Sql 语言 (对应我们配的 Sqlite 数据库的语法)

    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001
    BEGIN;
    --
      -- Create model Question
      --
      
      CREATE TABLE "polls_question" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "question_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "pub_data" datetime NOT NULL
    );
    --
      -- Create model Choice
      --
      
      CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL, "quest
    ion_id" bigint NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_question" ("id") DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED);
    CREATE INDEX "polls_choice_question_id_c5b4b260" ON "polls_choice" ("question_id");
    COMMIT;
      
    

    • 执行迁移
      (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py migrate
      Operations to perform:
        Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, polls, sessions
      Running migrations:
        Applying polls.0001_initial... OK
      
      (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
      
      

    API 的初体验


    • 进入shell
      python manage.py shell
      

    • - (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell
      Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec  7 2020, 17:08:21) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
      Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
      (InteractiveConsole)
      >>>
      >>> from polls.models import Question, Choice
      >>> from django.utils import timezone
      >>>
      >>> q = Question( question_text = "what's up ?", pub_date=timezone.now() )
      >>>
      >>> q.save()
      >>>
      
      
    • 查看字段
      >>> q.id
      1
      >>> q.question_text
      "what's up ?"
      >>>
      >>> q.pub_date
      datetime.datetime(2022, 7, 6, 5, 46, 10, 997140, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
      >>>
      
    • >>> q.question_text = 'are you kidding me ?'
      >>> q.save()
      >>>
      >>> q.question_text
      'are you kidding me ?'
      >>>
      
      >>>
      >>>
      >>> Question.objects.all()
      object (1)>]>
      >>>
      >>>
      

    下面写点更人性化的方法


    • __str__方法

      默认打印自己的text字段,便于查看

      后台展示对象数据也会用这个字段

      class Question(models.Model):
          ...
          
          def __str__(self):
              return self.question_text
      
      
      class Choice(models.Model):
          ...
          
          def __str__(self):
              return self.choice_text
      

    • 自定义方法
      class Question(models.Model):
          ...
      
          def was_published_recently(self):
              return self.pub_date >= timezone.now()-datetime.timedelta(days=1)
      

    • __str__方法效果

      (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell
      Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec  7 2020, 17:08:21) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
      Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
      (InteractiveConsole)
      >>>
      >>> from polls.models import Question, Choice
      >>>
      >>> Question.objects.all()
      ]>
      >>>
      >>> Question.objects.filter(id=1)
      ]>
      >>>
      
      
    • 按属性查

      
      >>>
      >>> Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='are')
      ]>
      >>>
      
      
      >>> from django.utils import timezone
      >>>
      >>> current_year = timezone.now().year
      >>> Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year)
      
      >>>
      
      
      >>> Question.objects.get(id=2)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "", line 1, in 
        File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
          return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
        File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 496, in get
          raise self.model.DoesNotExist(
      polls.models.Question.DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist.
      >>>
      >>>
      
    • 更多操作

      用pk找更保险一些,有的model 不以id 为主键

      >>> Question.objects.get(pk=1)  
      
      >>>
      # 自定义查找条件
      >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
      >>> q.was_published_recently()
      True
      >>>
      
      # 安主键获取对象
      >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
      >>> q.choice_set.all()
      
      >>>
      
      # 增  问题对象关系到选项对象
      >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0)
      
      >>>
      >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0)
      
      >>>
      >>> q.choice_st.create(choice_text='Just hacking agin', votes=0)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "", line 1, in 
      AttributeError: 'Question' object has no attribute 'choice_st'
      >>>
      >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking agin', votes=0)
      
      >>>
      >>>
      >>> c = q.choice_set.create(choic_text='Oh my god.', votes=0)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "", line 1, in 
        File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\fields\related_descriptors.py", line 747, in create
          return super(RelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).create(**kwargs)
        File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
          return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
        File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 512, in create
          obj = self.model(**kwargs)
        File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 559, in __init__
          raise TypeError(
      TypeError: Choice() got an unexpected keyword argument 'choic_text'
      >>>
      
      
      # 选项 关系 到问题
      >>> c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Oh my god.', votes=0)
      >>>
      >>> c.question
      
      >>>
      >>> q.choice_set.all()
      , , , ]>
      >>>
      >>>
      >>> q.choice_set.count()
      4
      >>>
      >>> Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)
      , , , ]>
      >>>
      >>>
      
      
      
    • >>> c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking')
      >>> c.delete()
      (1, {'polls.Choice': 1})
      >>>
      >>> q.choice_set.all()
      , , ]>
      >>>
      >>>
      

    管理页面


    • 创建用户
      (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py createsuperuser
      
      
      用户名: admin
      电子邮件地址: admin@qq.com
      Password:
      Password (again):
      密码长度太短。密码必须包含至少 8 个字符。
      这个密码太常见了。
      Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: y
      Superuser created successfully.
      
      
    • 启动 开发服务器
      python manage.py runserver
      
    • login
      http://localhost:8000/admin/
      
    • 让我们的polls 投票应用也展示在后台
      # mysite/polls/admin.py
      
      
      from .models import Question, Choice
      
      admin.site.register(Question)
      admin.site.register(Choice)
      

    3.投票-3模板和路由

    编写更多视图


    # polls/views.py
    
    ...
    
    def detail(request, question_id):
        
        return HttpResponse(f"当前问题id:{question_id}")
    
    
    def results(request, question_id):
        
        return HttpResponse(f"问题id:{question_id}的投票结果")
    
    
    def vote(request, question_id):
        
        return HttpResponse(f"给问题id:{question_id}投票")
    
    
    

    添加url

    • 全局我们已经加过
      
      urlpatterns = [
          path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
          path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
          
      ]
      

    • 应用程序添加如下
      # polls/urls.py
      
      from django.urls import path
      
      from . import views
      
      urlpatterns = [
          path('', views.index, name='index'),
      
          path('/', views.detail, name='detail'),
      
          path('/results/', views.results, name='results'),
      
          path('/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
      ]
      

    看看效果

    • path 里的参数很敏感 结尾含/ 的访问时也必须含 / 否则404


    image

    image

    image

    image

    • 以 /polls/1/ 为例分析匹配过程

      • 从mysite/settings.py 载入 ROOT_URLCONF = 'mysite.urls'
      • 从urls.py 的“polls/”匹配到 polls/ 载入 polls.urls
      • 从polls/urls.py 的“int:question_id/”匹配到 1/ ,获取int型的 1 转发给视图函数 views.details


    升级index 视图 展示近期5个投票问题

    • 编写视图

      def index(request):
          latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
          output = ','.join([q.question_text for q  in latest_question_list])
      
          return HttpResponse(output)
      
    • 好吧,总共就一个
      image

    • 加点

    image


    这里直接把页面内容,写到了视图函数里,写死的。很不方便,下面用模板文件来处理这个问题


    模板文件

    • 创建polls存放 模板文件的 文件夹 为什么里面多套了一层polls?没看出他有区分的作用,第一个polls不已经区分过了?
      polls/templates/polls/
      
    • 主要内容
      # polls/templates/polls/index.html
      
      {% if latest_question_list %}
        <ul>
          {% for question in latest_question_list %}
              <li>
                <a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{question.question_text}}a>
              li>
          {% endfor %}
        ul>
      {% else %}
          <p>暂时没有开放的投票。p>
      {% endif %}
      

    • 修改视图函数

      这里函数载入index.html模本,还传给他一个上下文字典context,字典把模板里的变量映射成了Python 对象

      # polls/views.py
      
      ...
      from django.template import loader
      
      
      def index(request):
          latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
      
          template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
          context = {
              'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
          }
      
          return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))
          
      ...
      
    • 效果

    image


    • 快捷函数 render()

      上面的视图函数用法很普遍,有种更简便的函数替代这一过程

      # polls/views.py
      ...
      from django.template import loader
      
      import django.shortcuts import render
      
      def index(request):
          latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
      
          #template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
          context = {
              'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
          }
      
          #return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))
          return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)
          
      ...
      

    优雅的抛出 404

    • 修改 detail 视图函数

      # polls/views.py
      
      ...
      
      def detail(request, question_id):
          try:
              question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
      
          except:
              raise Http404("问题不存在 !")
      
          # return HttpResponse(f"当前问题id:{question_id}")
          return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
      
      
    • 编写模板

      # polls/templates/polls/detail.html
      
      
      {{ question }}
      
      
    • 效果
      image

    • 快捷函数 get_object_or_404()

      # polls/views.py
      from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
      
      ...
      
      def detail(request, question_id):
          
          question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
          return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
      

    • 效果
      image

    使用模板系统

    • 对detail.html获取的question变量进行分解 展示
      • 模板系统用.来访问变量属性

      • question.question_text先对question用字典查找nobj.get(str)------>属性查找obj.str---------->列表查找obj[int]当然在第二步就成功的获取了question_text属性,不在继续进行。

      • 其中 question.choice_set.all解释为Python代码question.choice_set.all()


      # polls/templates/polls/detail.html
      
      

      {{ question.question_text }}

        {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
      • {{ choice.choice_text }}
      • {% endfor %}
    • 效果
      image


    去除 index.html里的硬编码


    • 其中的'detail' 使我们在urls.py 定义的名称
      # polls/urls.py
      
      path('/', views.detail, name='detail'),
      
      # polls/templates/polls/index.html
      
      
      
      
      
      <li>
             <a href="{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{question.question_text}}a>
      li>
      
    • 有啥用?
      • 简单明了 书写方便

      • 我们修改.html 的真实位置后, 只需在urls.py 同步修改一条记录, 就会在所有模板文件的无数个连接中生效

        大大的节省时间


    为URL添加命名空间


    • 为什么?

      上面去除硬链接方便了我们。我们只有1个应用polls有自己的detail.html模板,但有多个应用同时有名字为detail.html的模板时呢?

      Django看到{% url %} 咋知道是哪个应用呢?

    • 怎么加 ?

      # polls/urls.py
      
      app_name = 'polls'
      
      ...
      
    • 修改.html模板文件

      # polls/templates/polls/index.html
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      <li>
             <a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">{{question.question_text}}a>
      li>
      

    3.投票-4投票结果保存 和 Django通用模板

    投票结果保存


    前端

    
    # polls/templates/polls/detail.html
    
    {#

    {{ question.question_text }}

    #}
    {#
      #} {# {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}#} {#
    • {{ choice.choice_text }}
    • #}
      {# {% endfor %}#} {#
    #}
    "{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post"> {% csrf_token %}
    ...
    <input type="submit" value="投票">
    # polls/templates/polls/detail.html
    
    
    
    "{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post"> {% csrf_token %}

    {{ question.question_text }}

    {% if error_message %}

    {{ error_message }}

    {% endif %} {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %} <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}"> {% endfor %}
    <input type="submit" value="投票">

    路由

    
    # polls/urls.py
    
    path('/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
    
    
    

    视图

    vote

    
    # polls/views.py¶
    
    # ...
    
    from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
    from django.urls import reverse
    
    # ...
    
    
    # def vote(request, question_id):
    #     return HttpResponse(f"给问题id:{question_id}投票")
    
    def vote(request, question_id):
        question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
        try:
            selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
        except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
            return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
                'question': question,
                'error_message': "选择为空, 无法提交 !"
            })
        else:
            selected_choice.votes += 1
            selected_choice.save()
            # 重定向到其他页面 防止误触重复投票
            return HttpResponse(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id, )))
    
    
    

    result


    # polls/views.py¶
    
    from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
    
    
    def results(request, question_id):
        question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
        return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})
    


    前端

    新建文件

    
    # polls/templates/polls/results.html¶
    
    

    {{ question.question_text }}

      {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    • {{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote {{ choice.votes|pluralize }}
    • {% endfor %}
    "{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">继续投票


    降低冗余 URLConf

    修改url

    # mysite/polls/urls.py
    
    from django.urls import path
    
    from . import views
    
    app_name = 'polls'
    
    # urlpatterns = [
    #
    #     path('', views.index, name='index'),
    #
    #     path('/', views.detail, name='detail'),
    #
    #     path('/results/', views.results, name='results'),
    #
    #     path('/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
    #
    #
    # ]
    
    urlpatterns = [
        path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
        path('/', views.DeatilView.as_view(), name='detail'),
        path('/results/', views.ResultsViews.as_view(), name='results'),
        path('/vote/', views.vote, name='vote')
    ]
    

    修改视图

    ListView 和 DetailView 。这两个视图分别抽象“显示一个对象列表”和“显示一个特定类型对象的详细信息页面”这两种概念。

    每个通用视图需要知道它将作用于哪个模型。 这由 model 属性提供。

    template_name 属性是用来告诉 Django 使用一个指定的模板名字,而不是自动生成的默认名字。

    自动生成的 context 变量是 question_list。为了覆盖这个行为,我们提供 context_object_name 属性,表示我们想使用 latest_question_list。作为一种替换方案,

    # polls/views.py
    
    from django.urls import reverse
    # ...
    
    # def index(request):
    #     latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
    #
    #     template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
    #     context = {
    #         'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
    #     }
    #
    #     return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))
    
    # 用Django 通用视图 重写index, detail, results视图
    
    
    class IndexView(generic.ListView):
        template_name = 'polls/index.html'
        context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'
        
        def get_queryset(self):
            """返回最近的 5 个投票问题"""
            return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
    
        
    class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
        model = Question
        template_name = 'polls/detail.html'
    
    
    class ResultsView(generic.DetailView):
        model = Question
        template_name = 'polls/detail.html'
        
        
    
    # def detail(request, question_id):
    #     # try:
    #     #     question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
    #     #
    #     # except:
    #     #     raise Http404("问题不存在 !")
    # 
    #     # return HttpResponse(f"当前问题id:{question_id}")
    # 
    #     question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    #     return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
    # 
    # 
    # # def results(request, question_id):
    # #     return HttpResponse(f"问题id:{question_id}的投票结果")
    # 
    # def results(request, question_id):
    #     question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    #     return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})
    
    
    # def vote(request, question_id):
    #     return HttpResponse(f"给问题id:{question_id}投票")
    
    

    3.投票-5自动化测试 模型


    自动化测试


    一个bug

    当设定发布时间为很远的未来的时间时,函数.was_published_recently()竟然返回True


    $ python manage.py shell
    
    >>> import datetime
    >>> from django.utils import timezone
    >>> from polls.models import Question
    >>> # create a Question instance with pub_date 30 days in the future
    >>> future_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30))
    >>> # was it published recently?
    >>> future_question.was_published_recently()
    True
    
    
    

    编写测试用例

    针对上面的bug写个脚本,用来测试这个bug


    # polls/tests.py
    
    import datetime
    
    from django.test import TestCase
    from django.utils import timezone
    
    from .models import Question
    
    
    class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):
    
        def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
            """
            was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date
            is in the future.
            """
            time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
            future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
            self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
    
    

    我们创建了一个 django.test.TestCase 的子类,并添加了一个方法,此方法创建一个 pub_date 时未来某天的 Question 实例。然后检查它的 was_published_recently() 方法的返回值——它 应该 是 False。


    运行


    # python manage.py test polls
    

    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls
    Found 1 test(s).
    Creating test database for alias 'default'...
    System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
    E
    ======================================================================
    ERROR: test_was_published_recently_with_future_questsion (polls.tests.QuestionModelTests)
    当日期为 未来 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite\polls\tests.py", line 16, in test_was_published_recently_with_future_questsion
        time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(day=30)
    TypeError: 'day' is an invalid keyword argument for __new__()
    
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ran 1 test in 0.001s
    
    FAILED (errors=1)
    Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
    
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
    
    

    image




    修复Bug

    限制下界为当前

    # mysite/polls/models.py
    
    #...
    
    class Question(models.Model):
        question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
        pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
    
        def __str__(self):
            return self.question_text
    
        # def was_published_recently(self):
        #
        #     return self.pub_date >= timezone.now()-datetime.timedelta(days=1)
        def was_published_recently(self):
            now = timezone.now()
            # 发布时间比现在小 比一天之前大 (即最近一天发布)
            return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now
            
    #...
    
    
    

    测试其他时间段情况

    class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):
    
        def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
            """
            当日期为 未来 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False
            """
            time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
            future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
            self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
    
        def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_question(self):
            """
            当日期为 最近 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False
            """
            time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59)
            future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
            self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), True)
    
        def test_was_published_recently_with_old_question(self):
            """
            当日期为 过去(至少一天前) 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False
            """
            time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=1)
            future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
            self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
    

    运行

    Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22000.978]
    (c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py polls test
    Unknown command: 'polls'
    Type 'manage.py help' for usage.
    
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls
    Found 3 test(s).
    Creating test database for alias 'default'...
    System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
    ...
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ran 3 tests in 0.002s
    
    OK
    Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
    
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
    
    

    3.投票-6自动化测试 视图

    Client 一个工具

    这个很像我之前学过的,requests

    但他更细节更贴合Django的视图,它可以直接捕获视图函数传过来的参数

    Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22000.978]
    (c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。
    
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell
    Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec  7 2020, 17:08:21) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    (InteractiveConsole)
    >>>
    >>>
    >>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment
    >>>
    >>> setup_test_environment()
    >>>
    >>>
    >>> from django.test import Client
    >>>
    >>> client = Client()
    >>>
    >>> r = client.get('/')
    Not Found: /
    >>>
    >>> r.status_code
    404
    >>>
    >>> from django.urls import reverse
    >>>
    >>> r = client.get(reverse("polls:index"))
    >>>
    >>> r .status_code
    200
    >>>
    >>>
    >>>
    >>>
    >>>
    >>> r.content
    b'\n  \n\n'
    >>>
    >>>
    >>>
    >>>
    >>>
    >>> r.context['latest_question_list']
    Question: Django is nice?>, <Question: I love Lisa.>, <Question: do you lik ch best?>, <Question: are you okay?>, <Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
    >>>
    >>>
    
    


    一个 Bug

    按照逻辑,当投票发布时间是未来时,视图应当忽略这些投票


    修复 Bug


    # polls/views.py
    
    class IndexView(generic.ListView):
        template_name = 'polls/index.html'
        context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'
    
        def get_queryset(self):
            """返回最近的 5 个投票问题"""
            #return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
            return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now()).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
    

    测试用例



    写个投票脚本,用于产生数据

    # polls/test.py
    
    def create_question(question_text, days):
        """
        一个公用的快捷函数用于创建投票问题
        """
        time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days)
        return Question.objects.create(question_text=question_text, pub_date=time)
    
    
    

    测试类

    
    class QuestionIndexViewTests(TestCase):
        def test_no_questions(self):
            """
            不存在 questions 时候 显示
            """
            res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
            self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
            #self.assertContains(res, "没有【正在进行】的投票。")  # 是否显示“没有【正在进行】的投票。”字样
            self.assertQuerysetEqual(res.context['latest_question_list'], [])
    
        def test_past_question(self):
            """
            发布时间是 past 的 question 显示到首页
            """
            question = create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)
            res = self.client.get(reverse("polls:index"))
            self.assertQuerysetEqual(
                res.context['latest_question_list'],
                [question],
            )
    
        def test_future_question(self):
            """
            发布时间是 future 不显示
            """
            create_question(question_text="未来问题!", days=30)
            res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
            #self.assertContains(res, "没有【可用】的投票")
            self.assertQuerysetEqual(res.context['latest_question_list'], [])
    
        def test_future_question_and_past_question(self):
            """
            存在 past 和 future 的 questions 仅仅显示 past
            """
            question = create_question(question_text="【过去】问题!", days=-30)
            create_question(question_text="【未来】问题!", days=30)
            response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
            self.assertQuerysetEqual(
                response.context['latest_question_list'],
                [question],
            )
    
        def test_two_past_question(self):
            """
            首页可能展示 多个 questions
            """
            q1 = create_question(question_text="过去 问题 1", days=-30)
            q2 = create_question(question_text="过去 问题 2", days=-5)
            res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
            self.assertQuerysetEqual(
                res.context['latest_question_list'],
                [q2, q1],
            )
    


    运行


    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls
    Found 8 test(s).
    Creating test database for alias 'default'...
    System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
    ........
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ran 8 tests in 0.030s
    
    OK
    Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
    
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
    
    

    3.投票-7自动化测试 业务逻辑

    一个bug

    发布日期时未来的那些投票不会在目录页 index 里出现,但是如果用户知道或者猜到正确的 URL ,还是可以访问到它们。所以我们得在 DetailView 里增加一些约束:


    修复

    加强限制,搜寻结果只返回时间小于当前的投票

    # polls/views.py
    
    class DetailView(generic.DetailView): 
        ...
        def get_queryset(self):
            """
            Excludes any questions that aren't published yet.
            """
            return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())
    

    测试用例

    检验

    # polls/tests.py
    
    class QuestionDetailViewTests(TestCase):
        def test_future_question(self):
            """
            The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the future
            returns a 404 not found.
            """
            future_question = create_question(question_text='Future question.', days=5)
            url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(future_question.id,))
            response = self.client.get(url)
            self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
    
        def test_past_question(self):
            """
            The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the past
            displays the question's text.
            """
            past_question = create_question(question_text='Past Question.', days=-5)
            url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(past_question.id,))
            response = self.client.get(url)
            self.assertContains(response, past_question.question_text)
    

    3.投票-8应用的界面和风格

    a 标签

    新建 mysite/polls/static 目录 ,写入下面的文件

    
    static/        #框架会从此处收集所有子应用静态文件 所以需要建一个新的polls目录区分不同应用
      polls/       #所以写一个重复的polls很必要 否则Django直接使用找到的第一个style.css
        style.css   
       
    

    定义 a 标签

    # /style.css
    
    li a{
        color: green;
    }
    
    


    背景图

    新建 images 目录

    
    static/        #框架会从此处收集所有子应用静态文件 所以需要建一个新的polls目录区分不同应用
      polls/
        style.css   
        images/
          bg.jpg
    

    定义 背景

    # /style.css
    
    li a{
        color: green;
    }
    
    body {
        background: white url("images/bg.jpg") no-repeat;
    }
    


    效果

    image

    3.投票-9自定义后台表单

    字段顺序

    替换注释部分

    # /mysite/polls/templates/admin.py
    
    
    # admin.site.register(Question)
    
    
    class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date']  # 列表里的顺序 表示后台的展示顺序
    
    admin.site.register(Question,QuestionAdmin)
    

    效果

    image


    字段集


    当字段比较多时,可以把多个字段分为几个字段集

    注意变量 fields 变为 fieldsets

    
    class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        #fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date']  # 列表里的顺序 表示后台的展示顺序
        fieldsets = [
            (None, {'fields': ['question_text']}),
            ('日期信息', {'fields': ['pub_date']}),
    
        ]
    
    

    效果

    image


    关联选项

    这样可以在创建 question 时 同时创建 choice

    # /mysite/polls/templates/admin.py

    image


    效果

    image



    让卡槽更紧凑

    替换 StackedInline 为 TabularInline

    
    #class ChoiceInline(admin.StackedInline):
    class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline):
        model = Choice
        extra = 3  # 默认有三个卡槽 后面还可以点击增加
    

    效果

    image


    展示question的更多字段


    Django默认返回模型的 str 方法里写的内容

    image



    添加字段 list_display 让其同时展示更多

    方法was_published_recently 和他的返回内容 也可以当做字段展示

    # mysite/polls/templates/admin.py
    
    # class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    #     # fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date']  # 列表里的顺序 表示后台的展示顺序
    #     fieldsets = [
    #         (None, {'fields': ['question_text']}),
    #         ('日期信息', {'fields': ['pub_date']}),
    
    #     ]
        
    #     inlines = [ChoiceInline]  # 引用模型
    
        list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date', 'was_published_recently')
    
    

    效果 点击还可以按照该字段名排序

    image

    3.投票-9自定义后台表单-2

    用装饰器优化 方法 的显示

    方法 was_published_recently 默认用空格替换下划线展示字段

    image


    用装饰器优化一下

    # /mysite/polls/templates/models.py
    
    from django.contrib import admin  # 装饰器
    
    class Question(models.Model):
        #....
    
        @admin.display(
                boolean=True,
                ordering='pub_date',
                description='最近发布的吗 ?',
            )
        def was_published_recently(self):
            now = timezone.now()
            # 发布时间距离现在不超过24小时 比现在小 比一天之前大 (即最近一天发布)
    
            return (now - datetime.timedelta(days=1)) <= self.pub_date <= now
    

    效果

    image


    添加过滤器

    添加一个 list_filter 字段即可

    # mysite/polls/templates/admin.py
    
    # class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    #     # fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date']  # 列表里的顺序 表示后台的展示顺序
    #     fieldsets = [
    #         (None, {'fields': ['question_text']}),
    #         ('日期信息', {'fields': ['pub_date']}),
    
    #     ]
    
    #     inlines = [ChoiceInline]  # 引用模型
    
    #     list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date', 'was_published_recently')
    
        list_filter = ['pub_date']  # 过滤器
        
        
    

    效果

    image



    检索框


    同上

    #...
    search_fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date']  # 检索框 可添加多个字段
    

    效果

    image

    3.投票-10自定义后台风格界面

    改掉 'Django 管理'


    自定义工程模板(就是在manage.py的同级目录哪里) 再建一个templates

    /mysite
      /templates  # 新建
    
    

    修改 mysite/settings.py DIR是一个待检索路径 在django启动时加载

    把所有模板文件存放在同一个templates中也可以 但分开会方便以后扩展复用代码

     #...
    
    # TEMPLATES = [
    #     {
    #         'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
            #'DIRS': [],
            'DIRS': [BASE_DIR / 'templates'],
    #         'APP_DIRS': True,
    #         'OPTIONS': {
    #             'context_processors': [
    #                 'django.template.context_processors.debug',
    #                 'django.template.context_processors.request',
    #                 'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
    #                 'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
    #             ],
    #         },
    #     },
    # ]
    

    新建一个admin文件夹 复制 base_site.html 复制到里面

    base_site.html 是django默认的模板 它存放在 django/contrib/admin/templatesadmin/base_site.html 里面

    可以用 ...\> py -c "import django; print(django.__path__)"命令查找源文件django位置

    /mysite
      /templates  # 新建
        /admin   # 新建
          base_site.html  # 本地是到E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\Lib\site-packages\
                          #     django\contrib\admin\templates\admin            复制
      
    

    修改 base_site.html 内容

    
    
    
    
    
    
    <h1 id="site-name"><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">投票 管理a>h1>
    
    
    
    

    效果

    image

    注意,所有的 Django 默认后台模板均可被复写。若要复写模板,像你修改 base_site.html 一样修改其它文件——先将其从默认目录中拷贝到你的自定义目录,再做修改


    当然 也可以用 django.contrib.admin.AdminSite.site_header 来进行简单的定制。



    自定义 子应用 的模板

    机智的同学可能会问: DIRS 默认是空的,Django 是怎么找到默认的后台模板的?因为 APP_DIRS 被置为 True,Django 会自动在每个应用包内递归查找 templates/ 子目录(不要忘了 django.contrib.admin 也是一个应用)。

    我们的投票应用不是非常复杂,所以无需自定义后台模板。不过,如果它变的更加复杂,需要修改 Django 的标准后台模板功能时,修改 应用 的模板会比 工程 的更加明智。这样,在其它工程包含这个投票应用时,可以确保它总是能找到需要的自定义模板文件。

    更多关于 Django 如何查找模板的文档,参见 加载模板文档。


    自定义 后台 首页的模板

    同之前base_site.html

    复制 E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\Lib\site-packages\django\contrib\admin\templates\admin\index.html

    mysite/templates/admin/index.html 直接修改


    结束 撒花! :)

    image


    image

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/hugboy/p/17132224.html