• FCoE测试重启调试记录


    环境

    CPU:Phytium,S2500/64 C00
    内核版本:4.19.90-25.10
    网讯网卡:txgbe
    共两台设备,光纤直连

    复现步骤

    设备A、B分别执行以下操作,即可复现

    modprobe fcoe
    systemctl start lldpad
    systemctl start fcoe
    

    总结

    重启问题是SCSI存储模块libfcoe中fcoe_ctlr_timer_work(drivers/scsi/fcoe/fcoe_ctlr.c)函数访问了非法的内存地址,地址异常原因是编码问题导致,使用结构体强制赋值而忽略了list指针成员的值。

    调试记录

    查看内核日志

    麒麟4.19.90 25.10版本,开启CONFIG_FCOE后,加载txgbe系统发生重启,查看系统日志未发现异常信息,需要抓取串口信息

    获取串口信息

    串口信息抓取失败,内核在bios阶段串口日志正常,但内核阶段无输出,根据日志可知console enable时ttyS1还未创建。(4.19.90 25.10 51.40现象一样)

    [root@compute ~]# dmesg | grep tty
    [    0.000000] Kernel command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-4.19.90-51.0.v2207.fortest.ky10.aarch64 root=/dev/mapper/klas-root ro crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=klas/root rd.lvm.lv=klas/swap acpi=on video=VGA-1:640x480-32@60me smmu.bypassdev=0x1000:0x17 smmu.bypassdev=0x1000:0x15 crashkernel=1024M,high video=efifb:off video=VGA-1:640x480-32@60me console=ttyS1,115200 loglevel=7
    [   14.695352] 00:02: ttyS0 at MMIO 0x200002f8 (irq = 0, base_baud = 115200) is a 16550A
    [   15.478192] console [ttyS0] enabled
    [   15.479627] HISI0031:00: ttyS1 at MMIO 0x28001000 (irq = 7, base_baud = 3125000) is a 16550A
    [   90.445804] audit: type=1300 audit(1676610550.480:126): arch=c00000b7 syscall=105 success=yes exit=0 a0=aaaaf7e3bcb0 a1=2ab7 a2=aaaae0aff1c8 a3=aaaaf7e322d0 items=0 ppid=3107 pid=5502 auid=4294967295 uid=0 gid=0 euid=0 suid=0 fsuid=0 egid=0 sgid=0 fsgid=0 tty=(none) ses=4294967295 comm="modprobe" exe="/usr/bin/kmod" key=(null)
    [  182.268682] audit: type=1006 audit(1676610660.130:141): pid=5598 uid=0 old-auid=4294967295 auid=0 tty=(none) old-ses=4294967295 ses=1 res=1
    [  333.116270] audit: type=1006 audit(1676610810.970:231): pid=6326 uid=0 old-auid=4294967295 auid=0 tty=(none) old-ses=4294967295 ses=3 res=1
    

    使用kdump

    kdump部署命令:

    yum install -y kexec-tools
    systemctl restart kdump.service
    kdumpctl restart
    

    4.19.90 25.10 kdump 宕机
    4.19.90 51.40 kdump 测试正常

    kdump日志:

    1950 [  811.607882] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address fffffffffffffed8
    1951 [  811.608613] Mem abort info:
    1952 [  811.608882]   ESR = 0x96000005
    1953 [  811.609175]   Exception class = DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
    1954 [  811.609697]   SET = 0, FnV = 0
    1955 [  811.609989]   EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
    1956 [  811.610285] Data abort info:
    1957 [  811.610576]   ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000005
    1958 [  811.610933]   CM = 0, WnR = 0
    1959 [  811.611219] swapper pgtable: 64k pages, 48-bit VAs, pgdp = 000000003e78cc5f
    1960 [  811.611855] [fffffffffffffed8] pgd=0000000000000000, pud=0000000000000000
    1961 [  811.612454] Internal error: Oops: 96000005 [#1] SMP
    1962 [  811.612930] Modules linked in: qedf qed crc8 fcoe libfcoe libfc scsi_transport_fc xt_CHECKSUM xt_MASQUERADE xt_conntrack ipt_REJECT nf_reject_ipv4 ip6table_mangle ip6table_nat iptable_mangle iptable_nat nf_nat nf_conntrack nf_defrag_ipv6 nf_defrag_ipv4 ip6table_f     ilter ip6_tables iptable_filter tun ebtable_filter ebtable_nat ebtables iptable_raw iscsi_tcp libiscsi_tcp libiscsi scsi_transport_iscsi br_netfilter bridge 8021q garp mrp ipmi_ssif stp rfkill llc sunrpc vfat fat aes_ce_blk crypto_simd cryptd aes_ce_cipher crct10dif     _ce ghash_ce joydev ch341 ses sha2_ce usbserial sha256_arm64 enclosure txgbe ngbe sha1_ce sbsa_gwdt ipmi_si ipmi_devintf ipmi_msghandler sch_fq_codel ip_tables megaraid_sas ast dm_mirror dm_region_hash dm_log gb
    1963 [  811.618343] Process kworker/6:2 (pid: 1264, stack limit = 0x0000000070e328c3)
    1964 [  811.618970] CPU: 6 PID: 1264 Comm: kworker/6:2 Kdump: loaded Not tainted 4.19.90-51.0.v2207.fortest.ky10.aarch64 #1
    1965 [  811.619951] Source Version: 8a40033b0116040c501be072732bf7ac6ebdb4f7
    1966 [  811.620504] Hardware name: \xe4\xb8\xad\xe5\x9b\xbd\xe9\x95\xbf\xe5\x9f\x8e\xe7\xa7\x91\xe6\x8a\x80\xe9\x9b\x86\xe5\x9b\xa2\xe8\x82\xa1\xe4\xbb\xbd\xe6\x9c\x89\xe9\x99\x90\xe5\x85\xac\xe5\x8f\xb8 \xe6\x93\x8e\xe5\xa4\xa9EF862/GW-748E2A-FTG,
    1967 [  811.621673] Workqueue: events fcoe_ctlr_timer_work [libfcoe]
    1968 [  811.622203] pstate: a0000005 (NzCv daif -PAN -UAO)
    1969 [  811.622640] pc : fcoe_ctlr_timer_work+0x988/0xd30 [libfcoe]
    1970 [  811.623165] lr : fcoe_ctlr_timer_work+0x934/0xd30 [libfcoe]
    1971 [  811.623698] sp : ffffb5c314a17cf0
    1972 [  811.624001] x29: ffffb5c314a17cf0 x28: ffffb81b23c91a50
    1973 [  811.624518] x27: ffff288838b08910 x26: ffffb81b23c91a68
    1974 [  811.625005] x25: 000000010000c5a1 x24: ffffb7db23311e08
    1975 [  811.625547] x23: ffffb81b23c91a08 x22: ffff2888802b5000
    1976 [  811.626025] x21: ffffb7db23311c80 x20: fffffffffffffec8
    1977 [  811.626543] x19: ffffb5c30f555010 x18: ffffffffffffffff
    1978 [  811.627129] x17: 0000000000000000 x16: 0000000000000000
    1979 [  811.627630] x15: ffff2888802b5a38 x14: ffff288900b6cb8f
    1980 [  811.628112] x13: ffff288880b6cba2 x12: ffff28888092f918
    1981 [  811.628618] x11: 0000000000000040 x10: ffff288880927e40
    1982 [  811.629086] x9 : ffff288880927e38 x8 : ffffb5bb0000c8e8
    1983 [  811.629561] x7 : fefefefefefefeff x6 : 0000000000000000
    1984 [  811.630027] x5 : 000073746e657665 x4 : 0000000000000006
    1985 [  811.630499] x3 : 0000000000000000 x2 : ffffb5c3144c7200
    1986 [  811.631000] x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : 0000000000000000
    1987 [  811.631474] Call trace:
    1988 [  811.631753]  fcoe_ctlr_timer_work+0x988/0xd30 [libfcoe]
    1989 [  811.632238]  process_one_work+0x1fc/0x490
    1990 [  811.632655]  worker_thread+0x50/0x4b8
    1991 [  811.633001]  kthread+0x134/0x138
    1992 [  811.633315]  ret_from_fork+0x10/0x18
    1993 [  811.633659] Code: f9409e80 d104e014 eb00039f 540003e0 (b9401283)
    1994 [  811.634313] SMP: stopping secondary CPUs
    1995 [  811.643778] Starting crashdump kernel...
    1996 [  811.644615] Bye!
    

    crash日志:

    WARNING: kernel relocated [99295086MB]: patching 104404 gdb minimal_symbol values
    
          KERNEL: /lib/debug/lib/modules/4.19.90-51.0.v2207.fortest.ky10.aarch64/vmlinux
        DUMPFILE: /var/crash/127.0.0.1-2023-02-17-11:02:11/vmcore  [PARTIAL DUMP]
            CPUS: 128
            DATE: Fri Feb 17 10:58:52 CST 2023
          UPTIME: 00:57:06
    LOAD AVERAGE: 1.01, 0.23, 0.08
           TASKS: 1555
        NODENAME: localhost.localdomain
         RELEASE: 4.19.90-51.0.v2207.fortest.ky10.aarch64
         VERSION: #1 SMP Thu Feb 16 14:14:39 CST 2023
         MACHINE: aarch64  (unknown Mhz)
          MEMORY: 127.8 GB
           PANIC: "Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address fffffffffffffed8"
             PID: 810
         COMMAND: "kworker/122:1"
            TASK: ffff870061ec1300  [THREAD_INFO: ffff870061ec1300]
             CPU: 122
           STATE: TASK_RUNNING (PANIC)
    crash> 
    
    

    pc指针指向fcoe_ctlr_timer_work+0x988/0xd30 , 对应汇编代码

    crash> bt
    PID: 810    TASK: ffff870061ec1300  CPU: 122  COMMAND: "kworker/122:1"
     #0 [ffff870061f3f7e0] machine_kexec at ffff5eb1feed40c4
     #1 [ffff870061f3f840] __crash_kexec at ffff5eb1feff4708
     #2 [ffff870061f3f9d0] crash_kexec at ffff5eb1feff4830
     #3 [ffff870061f3fa00] die at ffff5eb1feebfe9c
     #4 [ffff870061f3fa40] die_kernel_fault at ffff5eb1feee3634
     #5 [ffff870061f3fa70] __do_kernel_fault at ffff5eb1feee32d8
     #6 [ffff870061f3faa0] do_translation_fault at ffff5eb1ffb0c22c
     #7 [ffff870061f3fad0] do_mem_abort at ffff5eb1feeb130c
     #8 [ffff870061f3fcd0] el1_ia at ffff5eb1feeb310c
         PC: ffff5eb1bd8d513c  [fcoe_ctlr_timer_work+3180]
         LR: ffff5eb1bd8d513c  [fcoe_ctlr_timer_work+3180]
         SP: ffff870061f3fce0  PSTATE: 40000005
        X29: ffff870061f3fce0  X28: ffff84a8510d1410  X27: ffff5eb1bd8e0e98
        X26: fffffffffffffec8  X25: ffff5eb1bd8e0248  X24: ffff8700630cc480
        X23: 000000010004c592  X22: ffff5eb1bd8e0000  X21: ffff5eb1bd8e0000
        X20: ffff8700630cc608  X19: ffff5eb200135000  X18: ffffffffffffffff
        X17: 0000000000000001  X16: 0000000000000007  X15: ffff5eb200135a38
        X14: ffff5eb2809ecb8f  X13: ffff5eb2009ecba2  X12: ffff5eb2007af918
        X11: 0000000005f5e0ff  X10: ffff5eb200785b70   X9: ffff5eb200350018
         X8: ffff5eb1ff63f658   X7: 6c74635f656f6366   X6: 0000000000000773
         X5: ffff8709fc3a1500   X4: 0000000000000006   X3: ffff8709fc3a1500
         X2: 32ccc9c32ff8a200   X1: 0000000000000000   X0: 0000000000000017
     #9 [ffff870061f3fce0] fcoe_ctlr_timer_work at ffff5eb1bd8d5138 [libfcoe]
    #10 [ffff870061f3fdb0] process_one_work at ffff5eb1fef477a0
    #11 [ffff870061f3fe00] worker_thread at ffff5eb1fef47a84
    #12 [ffff870061f3fe70] kthread at ffff5eb1fef4f7e0
    crash> dis -l ffff5eb1bd8d513c
    0xffff5eb1bd8d513c : ldr     w4, [x26,#16]
    crash> 
    

    drivers/scsi/fcoe/fcoe_ctlr.c:fcoe_ctlr_timer_work函数对应内核模块drivers/scsi/fcoe/libfcoe.ko
    加载libfcoe、libfc模块

    crash> mod -s libfcoe
         MODULE       NAME                    SIZE  OBJECT FILE
    ffff5eb1bd8f0680  libfcoe               262144  /usr/lib/debug/usr/lib/modules/4.19.90-51.0.v2207.fortest.ky10.aarch64/kernel/drivers/scsi/fcoe/libfcoe.ko.debug 
    crash> mod -s libfc
         MODULE       NAME                    SIZE  OBJECT FILE
    ffff5369cc050bc0  libfc                 327680  /usr/lib/debug/usr/lib/modules/4.19.90-51.0.v2207.fortest.ky10.aarch64/kernel/drivers/scsi/libfc/libfc.ko.debug 
    
    

    测试步骤:

    通过在fcoe_ctlr_timer_work函数中增加调试信息(scsi/libfc/libfc.ko、scsi/fcoe/libfcoe.ko、scsi/bnx2fc/bnx2fc.ko等模块也添加了调试信息)

    陪测端
    modprobe fcoe
    systemctl start lldpad
    systemctl start fcoe
    
    被测端
    modprobe scsi_transport_fc
    insmod libfc.ko debug_logging=0xff
    insmod libfcoe3.ko debug_logging=0xff
    modprobe cnic
    insmod bnx2fc.ko debug_logging=0xff
    modprobe fcoe
    systemctl start lldpad
    systemctl start fcoe
    
    static void fcoe_ctlr_vn_disc(struct fcoe_ctlr *fip)
    {
        struct fc_lport *lport = fip->lp;
        struct fc_disc *disc = &lport->disc;
        struct fc_rport_priv *rdata;
        struct fcoe_rport *frport;
        void (*callback)(struct fc_lport *, enum fc_disc_event);
    
        printk("%s-%d \n", __func__, __LINE__);
        mutex_lock(&disc->disc_mutex);
        printk("%s-%d \n", __func__, __LINE__);
        callback = disc->pending ? disc->disc_callback : NULL;
        disc->pending = 0;
        printk("%s-%d \n", __func__, __LINE__);
        list_for_each_entry_rcu(rdata, &disc->rports, peers) {                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
            printk("%s-%d rdata 0x%llx \n", __func__, __LINE__, (long long) rdata);
            if (!kref_get_unless_zero(&rdata->kref)) {
                printk("%s-%d \n", __func__, __LINE__);
                continue;
            }   
    ......
    
    [ 1403.774784] fc_rport_create-173
    [ 1403.775174] host1: Assigned Port ID 005b49
    [ 1403.775483] fc_rport_create-176 rdata 0xffffec6d50468800  lport 0xffffecc562e98a08
    [ 1403.775900] host1: lport 005b49: Entered READY from state FLOGI
    [ 1403.776661] fcoe_ctlr_vn_add-2536 rdata 0xffffec6d50468800
    [ 1403.777796] host1: fip: vn_add rport 00f848 new state 0
    [ 1403.777804] fcoe_ctlr_timer_work-1820
    [ 1403.777811] fcoe_ctlr_timer_work-1822
    [ 1403.779145] fcoe_ctlr_timer_work-1824
    [ 1403.779607] fcoe_ctlr_vn_timeout-3147
    [ 1403.779998] fcoe_ctlr_vn_timeout-3149
    [ 1403.780366] fcoe_ctlr_vn_timeout-3178
    [ 1403.780766] fcoe_ctlr_vn_timeout-3183
    [ 1403.781161] fcoe_ctlr_vn_timeout-3185
    [ 1403.781571] fcoe_ctlr_vn_timeout-3196
    [ 1403.781971] fcoe_ctlr_vn_disc-3099
    [ 1403.782345] fcoe_ctlr_vn_disc-3101
    [ 1403.782731] fcoe_ctlr_vn_disc-3104
    [ 1403.783096] fcoe_ctlr_vn_disc-3106 rdata 0xffffec6d50468800
    [ 1403.784697] fcoe_ctlr_vn_disc-3115
    [ 1403.785090] fcoe_ctlr_vn_disc-3106 rdata 0xfffffffffffffec8
    [ 1403.785621] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address fffffffffffffed8
    
    
    crash> struct -o fc_rport_priv 
    struct fc_rport_priv {
        [0] struct fc_lport *local_port;
        [8] struct fc_rport *rport;
       [16] struct kref kref;
    ......
    }
    SIZE: 432
    

    由于&rdata->kref(0xfffffffffffffed8) == rdata(0xfffffffffffffec8) + 16,
    因此程序出错位置为if (!kref_get_unless_zero(&rdata->kref)) {

    可以确定的是&disc->rports链表中遍历出了2个rdata,第2个rdata是一个错误的地址,然而根据日志显示fc_rport_create-176 rdata 0xffffec6d50468800 lport 0xffffecc562e98a08 rdata只被创建了1次。

    值得说明的是任何一次复现问题第2个rdata始终为0xfffffffffffffec8, 在代码中添加以下过滤条件:

       list_for_each_entry_rcu(rdata, &disc->rports, peers) {
            if ((long long)rdata == 0xfffffffffffffec8) {
                printk("%s-%d rdata 0x%llx break\n", __func__, __LINE__, (long long) rdata);
                break;
            }
    

    不会触发重启问题,但无法确定FCOE功能是否可用,影响域未知,该方案仅用于调试。
    后续测试上述方案依然存在地址异常问题

    定位地址异常原因

    在fcoe_ctlr_vn_add、fc_disc_init、fc_rport_create中定位异常点,添加调试信息确定&lport->disc.rports列表是否被正常初始化,并在多处遍历&lport->disc.rports以确定异常地址0xfffffffffffffec8是何时进入该列表的。

    drivers/scsi/fcoe/fcoe_ctlr.c

    static void fcoe_ctlr_vn_add(struct fcoe_ctlr *fip, struct fc_rport_priv *new) {
    ... ...
      	frport = fcoe_ctlr_rport(rdata);
    
        LIBFCOE_FIP_DBG(fip, "vn_add rport %6.6x %s state %d\n",
                port_id, frport->fcoe_len ? "old" : "new",
                rdata->rp_state);
        list_for_each_entry_rcu(tmprdata, &lport->disc.rports, peers) {
            printk("%s-%d rdata 0x%llx lport 0x%llx rports 0x%llx\n", __func__, __LINE__,
                    (long long) tmprdata, (long long) lport, (long long) &lport->disc.rports);
        }
    
        //*frport = *fcoe_ctlr_rport(new);                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
        printk("%s-%d frport 0x%llx *frport 0x%llx fcoe_ctlr_rport(new) 0x%llx *fcoe_ctlr_rport(new) 0x%llx\n",
                __func__, __LINE__, (long long) frport, (long long) &(*frport),
                (long long)(fcoe_ctlr_rport(new)), (long long)&(*fcoe_ctlr_rport(new)));
        list_for_each_entry_rcu(tmprdata, &lport->disc.rports, peers) {
            printk("%s-%d rdata 0x%llx lport 0x%llx rports 0x%llx\n", __func__, __LINE__,
                    (long long) tmprdata, (long long) lport, (long long) &lport->disc.rports);
        }
        frport = fcoe_ctlr_rport(new);
        frport->time = 0;
        list_for_each_entry_rcu(tmprdata, &lport->disc.rports, peers) {
            printk("%s-%d rdata 0x%llx lport 0x%llx rports 0x%llx\n", __func__, __LINE__,
                    (long long) tmprdata, (long long) lport, (long long) &lport->disc.rports);
        }
    }
    
    [ 1437.536857] fc_rport_create-182 rdata 0xffffd1aa9dedf400  lport 0xffffd202a4a0da08 rports 0xffffd202a4a0da50
    [ 1437.538199] fcoe_ctlr_vn_add-2527 rdata 0xffffd1aa9dedf400 lport 0xffffd202a4a0da08 rports 0xffffd202a4a0da50
    [ 1437.539130] fcoe_ctlr_vn_add-2540 rdata 0xffffd1aa9dedf400 lport 0xffffd202a4a0da08 rports 0xffffd202a4a0da50
    [ 1437.539963] fcoe_ctlr_vn_add-2554 rdata 0xffffd1aa9dedf400 lport 0xffffd202a4a0da08 rports 0xffffd202a4a0da50
    [ 1437.540916] fcoe_ctlr_vn_add-2560 frport 0xffffd1aa9dedf400 *frport 0xffffd1aa9dedf400 fcoe_ctlr_rport(new) 0xffffd1aa8b04bb28 *fcoe_ctlr_rport(new) 0xffffd1aa8b04bb28
    [ 1437.542148] fcoe_ctlr_vn_add-2563 rdata 0xffffd1aa9dedf400 lport 0xffffd202a4a0da08 rports 0xffffd202a4a0da50
    

    分析定位地址异常原因

    定位发现*frport = *fcoe_ctlr_rport(new); 该代码执行后遍历&lport->disc.rports,出现了异常地址节点0xfffffffffffffec8,去掉该代码后地址正常

    frport = fcoe_ctlr_rport(rdata); frport是rdata(fc_rport_priv)父类结构体fcoe_rportA指针
    *frport = *fcoe_ctlr_rport(new);将new(fc_rport_priv)父类结构体fcoe_rportB赋值给rdata(fc_rport_priv)父类结构体fcoe_rportA,但是由于fcoe_rportA.rdata.peers已经加入链表&lport->disc.rports,该赋值会破坏fcoe_rportA.rdata.peers指针内容,从而导致&lport->disc.rports中地址异常。

    
    static inline struct fcoe_rport *fcoe_ctlr_rport(struct fc_rport_priv *rdata)
    {
        return container_of(rdata, struct fcoe_rport, rdata);
    }
    
    struct fcoe_rport {
        struct fc_rport_priv rdata;
        unsigned long time;
        u16 fcoe_len;
        u16 flags;
        u8 login_count;
        u8 enode_mac[ETH_ALEN];
        u8 vn_mac[ETH_ALEN];
    };
    
    struct fc_rport_priv {
        struct fc_lport         *local_port;
        struct fc_rport         *rport;
        struct kref         kref;
        enum fc_rport_state         rp_state;
        struct fc_rport_identifiers ids;
        u16             flags;
        u16                 max_seq;
        u16             disc_id;
        u16             maxframe_size;
        unsigned int                retries;
        unsigned int                major_retries;
        unsigned int                e_d_tov;
        unsigned int                r_a_tov;
        struct mutex                rp_mutex;
        struct delayed_work     retry_work;
        enum fc_rport_event         event;
        struct fc_rport_operations  *ops;
        struct list_head            peers;
        struct work_struct          event_work;
        u32             supported_classes;
        u16                         prli_count;
        struct rcu_head         rcu;
        u16             sp_features;
        u8              spp_type;
        void                (*lld_event_callback)(struct fc_lport *,                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
                                  struct fc_rport_priv *,
                                  enum fc_rport_event);
    };
    

    解决方案

    此处不直接使用强制结构体赋值,替换为结构体成员手动赋值

    -       *frport = *fcoe_ctlr_rport(new);
    +       frport->fcoe_len = new->fcoe_len;
    +       frport->flags = new->flags;
    +       frport->login_count = new->login_count;
    +       memcpy(frport->enode_mac, new->enode_mac, ETH_ALEN);
    +       memcpy(frport->vn_mac, new->vn_mac, ETH_ALEN);
    

    测试正常,不在重启,经排查该问题在开源社区版内核已有成熟的补丁方案https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=d478418703d6bcdd163d5d8127683c6c471539f0

    scsi: fcoe: pass in fcoe_rport structure instead of fc_rport_priv
    Instead of using the generic 'fc_rport_priv' structure as argument and then
    having to painstakingly outcast this to fcoe_rport we should be passing the
    fcoe_rport structure itself and reduce complexity.
    
    Signed-off-by: Hannes Reinecke 
    Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig 
    Signed-off-by: Martin K. Petersen 
    
  • 相关阅读:
    9问502
    卷妹带你回顾Java基础(一)每日更新Day2
    基于C++的图像增强处理
    Day42 尚硅谷JUC——Fork_Join分支合并框架
    Python考核内容
    win10下Mariadb绿色版安装步骤
    python之股票财务分析
    企业微信hook接口协议,ipad协议http,发送大视频文件
    代码随想录day51:动态规划股票最后一周
    Windows安装cygwin + swoole,并配置crontab定时任务
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/forwards/p/17144235.html