【考研英语语法】名词性从句

0 导言

• 名词性从句，是指一个句子相当于名词来使用，放到另外一个句子中。通常情况下，名词在句子中主要作四种成分：宾语、表语、主语、同位语。因此，名词性从句就分成四种：宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句。
• 四种名词性从句写法基本相同，只是位置不同。
• 通常出现最多的是宾语从句，其次是主语从句和同位语从句，表语从句最少

名词性从句 = { 宾语从句 表语从句 主语从句 同位语从句 名词性从句 =

名词性从句=⎩ ⎨ ⎧​宾语从句表语从句主语从句同位语从句​

1. 宾语从句

（一）宾语从句的含义

• 一个句子作宾语，放在另一个句子（主句）中
  • Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.

（二）宾语从句的写法

可跟 that 从句做宾语的动词包括 say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report 等

重要小提示:
一般只有宾语从句中的 that 才可以省略（特殊情况除外)，而主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的 that 一般不能省去

• 1. 陈述句变宾语从句

  • 变化前： Dr. Worm acknowledges (These figures are conservative).
  • 变化后： Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.

• 结论： 陈述句变宾语从句，前加 that（that 不作成分，可以省略）。

• 【补充】 宾语从句里的 that 可以省略，但是建议写的时候不要省。一是把 that加上更有利于分清主句和从句；二是名词性从句写法基本相同，但只有宾语从句中的 that 可以省略，而其他三种（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）都不能省略 that,与其浪费时间去分辨能不能省略，不如都加上更保险。但在分析句子时要

  • We believe consumers should have more control.

• 2. 特殊疑问句变宾语从句

  • 变化前： We suddenly can’t remember (Where did we put the keys just a moment ago?)
  • 变化后： We suddenly can’t remember where we put the keys just a moment ago.
  • 变化前： I have not decided (whom should I vote for?)
  • 变化后： I have not decided whom I should vote for.

• 结论： 特殊疑问句变宾语从句，要调整语序（疑问语序变回陈述语序，即把疑问句的主语提前到谓语动词之前，其他不变）

• 连接代词有：who, whom, whose, which, what ，在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。

  • Can you tell me whom you are waiting for? 你能告诉我你在等谁吗？
  • He needs to find out what is behind it. 他需要找出背后的原因。

• 连接副词有：when, where, why, how 等，在句中担任状语的成分。

  • None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 我们都不知道在哪里可以买到这些新零件。
  • No one knows exactly how speech began. 没有人确切地知道演讲是如何开始的。
  • We don’t know why he did not come yesterday. 我们不知道他昨天为什么没有来。

• 3. 一般疑问句变宾语从句

• whether / if + 陈述句，这一结构放在宾语的位置

  • 变化前： I don’t know (Are other clients going to abandon me, too?
  • 变化后： I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.
  • 变化前： l wonder (Will they come to our party?)
  • 变化后： l wonder whether/if they will come to our party.
  • l don’t know whether/if he needs my help.
  • He would not comment on whether or not college students should change majors.

• 4. 补充说明 1

• 只能用 whether，不能用 if 引导的宾语从句

  • ① 在介词的后面

    • l’ m thinking of whether we should go camping here.

  • ② 直接与 or not 连用时

    • l can’t say whether or not they can come on time.

• 只能用 if 不能用 whether 引导的宾语从句

  • ① if 引导条件状语从句，意为 “如果”
    • l don’t care if l never see her again.
  • ② if 引导否定概念的宾语从句时
    • He asked if l didn’ t come to school yesterday.

• 结论： 一般疑问句变宾语从句，先调整语序（主语提前），再前加 “是否（whether 或 if）”。但 if 有时不能使用（例如主语从句中），而 whether 在各种情况下都可以用，所以建议使用最保险的 whether。

• 4. 补充说明 1

• 上面的例子都是主句为陈述句，因此从句要调整成陈述语序再放入到主句中。若主句为疑问句，内部包含的宾语从句依然遵循此原则——变为陈述语序，如下：

  • Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers?

• 5. 补充说明 2：在以下情况中 that 不能省略:

• ① 当句中的动词后接多于两个由 that 引导的宾语从句时，第一个 that 可省，但后面的 that 不可省。

  • He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.

• ② 当主句的谓语动词与 that 宾语从句之间有插入语时，that 一般不可省。

  • Just then l noticed, for the first time, that our principal was wearing his fine green coat and his black tie.

• ③ 当 that 从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that 不可省。

  • l can’ t tell him that his mother died.

• 此外，还要注意许多带复合宾语的句子，that 引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后面，而用 it 作形式宾语。

  • I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time. 我发现我们有必要按时做作业。

• 5. 总结

• 观察刚才变化后的三个宾语从句，看看有什么相同点：

  • Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.
  • We suddenly can’t remember where we put the keys just a moment ago.
  • I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.

• 以上三个句子虽然变化之前类型不同（陈述句、特殊疑问句、一般疑问句），但是变成宾语从句后结构是一样的，都是 “连接词 + 陈述句（陈述语序的句子）”。

• 结论：宾语从句 = 连接词 + 陈述句

（三）宾语从句的位置

• 宾语从句的位置一共有三种，分别是及物动词后（动宾）、介词后（介宾）、形容词后（宾语补足语）

• 【补充】 除了作为谓语的及物动词后可接宾语从句之外，非谓语动词后也可以接宾语从句，但是注意一定要是及物动词的非谓语后才可以接宾语从句。
  • You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
  • she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.
  • they survey and sample… large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information.
  • Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.
• 【补充】 如果宾语从句过长，且在主谓宾补的句型中，则宾语从句后置，用形式宾语 it 来替代：
  • That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.
  • He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear… that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”

（四）宾语从句的时态

• ① 主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
  • The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
• ② 主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
  • She was sorry that she hadn’ t finished her work on time.
• ③ 当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
  • The teacher told his students that light travels faster than sound.

2. 表语从句

• 表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的。表语必须和系动词一起构成系表结构。

（一）表语从句的含义

• This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments…

（二）表语从句的写法

• 表语从句的写法同宾语从句。但连接词为 that 时，不作成分也不能省略

  • Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.
  • This is where developing new habits comes in.
  • This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years…

• 1. 陈述句作表语从句

  • His advice is that we should leave for Shanghai before dawn.
  • Her plan is that she will call the police first and then try to stop the thief from running away.
  • My idea is that the kids should be sent to school.
  • The reason why he was so late is that it was snowing hard then.

• 当名词主语是表示建议、命令、要求等含义 (如 advice, order, idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request 等) 时，其表语从句中的谓语动词一般要采用 "should + 动词原形” 的形式，有时 should 也可以省略。

  • The officer’s order was that all the soldiers (should) never surrender to the enemy.
  • Her suggestion is that we should change the date.

• 2. 一般疑问句作表语从句

• whether + 陈述句（if 是不能引导表语从句的），这一结构放在表语的位置即构成表语从句。

• 当表语从句要表达 “是否，究竟” 的含义时，连接词要用 whether

  • His question is whether they can arrive in London on time.
  • My concern is whether he comes or not.
  • The question is whether they will help us.

• 3. 特殊疑问句作表语从句

• 把特殊问句变成陈述句语序后放在表语的位置即构成表语从句

• 疑问代词 what, who, whose, which 等如果用来连接表语从句，既起着连接作用，同时又在从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、
  定语等成分。

  • Money is what we are badly in need of. 钱是我们亟需的东西。
  • Her question is who has broken the glass. 她的问题是谁打破了玻璃。
  • Our dilemma is which side we should take. 我们的困境是我们应该站在哪一边。
  • Their worry is whom she can rely on. 他们担心的是她能依靠谁。
  • His puzzle is whose money it belongs to. 他的难题是这些钱属于谁。

• 疑问副词 when/where/why/how 如果用来连接表语从句，既起着连接作用，同时又在从句中充当句子成分，一般作状语。

  • The point is when you will become efficient. 关键是你何时会变得高效。
  • This is where our basic interest lies. 这就是我们的基本兴趣所在。
  • He remains where l was last night. 他仍然在我昨晚所在的地方。
  • Her concern is how he managed to climb into her kitchen yesterday. 她担心的是他昨天是如何爬进她的厨房的。

• 4. 表语从句的特殊连接词

除了以上常见的连接词外，还有一些特殊的连接词可以用来连接表语从句

• ① (just) as： 表示 “正如”，经常与表象系动词 look/ seem/ appear 搭配使用
  • She looks just as she was ten years ago. 她看起来就像十年前一样。
• ② as if/though：表示 “好像”，也常与表象系动词 look/ seem/ appear 搭配使用
  • lt looks as if/though it’s going to rain soon. 看起来好像很快就会下雨。
• ③ because：表示 “因为”，通常用于 “this/ that/ it is/ was because…” 的结构当中
  • It’s just because you don’t know her well. 这只是因为你不太了解她。

注意，当主语是 reason 时，表语从句要用 that 连接，而不是 because.

• The reason why he was late was that he missed the first morning bus. 他迟到的原因是他错过了早上的第一辆巴士。

（三）表语从句的位置

• 表语从句位于系动词后,通常位于系动词 be 后，极少数情况下会出现在其他系动词后，如下：

  • For Williams, those activities become what he calls “electronic heroin.”
  • Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched.

• 【补充】 除了作为谓语使用的系动词后可接表语从句之外，作为非谓语动词的系动词后也可以接表语从句。简单了解即可

  • Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings.
  • The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary.

3. 主语从句

（一）主语从句的含义

• 一个句子作主语，放到另一个句子 (主句) 中
  • The movie is great.
  • What l am watching is great.
  • 第二个句子当中用了一个句子 what l am watching，是一个疑问句改造成的主语从句，注意特殊疑问句作句子成分时要变成陈述语序。
  • What is being called artificial general intelligence… continues to evade scientists.

（二）主语从句的写法

• 主语从句的写法同宾语从句，但是 that 不作成分也不能省略，而且表示“是否” 时，只能用 whether, 不能用 if
• That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. 多年来，人们一直知道海洋正在被过度捕捞。
• What motivated him was his zeal for fundamental fairness 激励他的是他对基本公平的热忱
• And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. 而社区的工作是否对整体的知识积累有很大的贡献是值得怀疑的。

（三）主语从句的位置

• 主语从句的位置有两种：位于句首或句尾。同一个主语从句位于两种位置时，意思相同

• 1. 位于句首

  • Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood… 只是人们的思维方式仍然过于复杂，难以理解
  • What is needed is a technology of behavior… 我们需要的是一种行为的技术
  • What Jack wanted to tell us was not clear. 杰克想告诉我们什么并不清楚。
  • Who will win the game is still unknown. 谁将赢得比赛仍然是个未知数。
  • Where the meeting will be held has not yet been announced. 会议将在哪里举行尚未公布。

• 2. 位于句尾

• 为了避免因主语从句过长而造成整个句子头重脚轻，所以通常主语从句后置，句首用形式主语 it 来代替，此时主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。各种等级考试或外文中出现得最多的是主语从句位于句尾，因此要重点掌握。

  • It did not matter what was done in the experiment 在实验中做什么并不重要
  • It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification 然而，越来越不清楚的是，这样的理论将是一种简化
  • It makes no difference how you write 你怎么写都没有区别

• 【补充】 主语从句在考研真题中有两种特别重要且常用的句型模板，如下：

• 模板 1： It be done +主语从句 (表达人们对一件事的观点或看法)

  • This year, it was proposed that the system be changed 今年，有人提议改变这一制度
  • It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad 19 世纪末，有人认为，人类不是因为悲伤而哭泣的。

• 模板 2： It be + adj + 主语从句 (表达对一件事的评价)

  • It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become . 目前还不清楚航空公司的安全保障已变得多么有效
  • it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. 很明显，他们的观点并没有完全知识化。
  • It’s a great that I have such a smart brother like you. 我有你这样一个聪明的兄弟，真是太好了。
  • It’s strange that there are no lights on. 很奇怪，没有开灯。

• 模板 2： It be + n. + 主语从句 (表达对一件事的评价)

  • Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. 第二，资金和注意力来到科学领域而不是去其他地方，这肯定是一件好事。
  • It’s a great pity that they didn’t get married. 他们没有结婚是非常遗憾的。
  • It’s a good thing that you have a witness. 你有一个证人，这是一件好事。

• 模板 3： It be + done + 主语从句 (表达对一件事的评价)

  • lt’s said/known that he has been there many times. 据说他曾多次去过那里。
  • lt has been decided that the gallery will not open on Sundays. 已经决定，画廊在周日不开放。

• 模板 4： lt seems/ happens + 主语从句

  • lt seemed certain that he would win the prize. 他似乎肯定会得奖。
  • lt happens that they were absent. 碰巧的是，他们都不在。

4. 同位语从句

（一）同位语从句的含义

• 一个句子作同位语，放到另一个句子（主句）中。同位语从句的作用是解释说明一个抽象名词，它位于名词、代词后面，说明其性质和情况。
• 同位语从句可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当
  • So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair 人工智能系统做出的决定应该是可解释的、透明的和公平的，这个想法也是如此。
  • Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. 汤姆，我们的班长，是一个英俊的男孩。
  • This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友哈里。
  • He is interested in sports, especially ball games. 他对体育感兴趣，尤其是球赛。
  • l myself will do the experiment. 我自己将做这个实验。

（二）同位语从句的写法

• 同位语从句的写法同宾语从句。但最常用的一种同位语从句是由 that 引导的 (that + 完整的陈述句)，虽然 that 在同位语从句中不作成分，但是不能省略

  • Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. 证明 LoveLife 项目产生持久变化的证据是有限的，而且是混合的。
  • There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars. 没有理由不欢迎每个人到毛纳克亚岛去拥抱他们的文化遗产和研究星星。
  • For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. 就我而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是否是一个伟大的指挥家，甚至是一个好指挥家。

• 同位语从句可能与其修饰的名词被其他成分隔开。

  • They spread the lie everywhere that Leah was guilty of theft. 他们到处散布谎言，说利亚犯了盗窃罪。 这里的先行词 the lie 与同位语从句 that Leah was guilty of theft 被 everywhere 隔开。
  • The story goes that William killed the king with an arrow. 故事说，威廉用箭杀死了国王。 这里的先行词 the story 与同位语从句 that William Tell killed the kingwith an arrow 被谓语 goes 隔开。

• 1. 一般疑问句作同位语从句

• 把 “whether + 陈述句” 这一结构放在同位语地位置即构成同位语从句。

  • They are faced with the problem whether they should conduct the experiment. 他们面临着是否应该进行实验的问题。
  • The question whether we need more time to debug has not been discussed. 我们是否需要更多的时间来调试的问题还没有被讨论。

• 2. 特殊疑问句作同位语从句

• 把特殊疑问句变成陈述句语序后放在同位语的位置即构成同位语从句。

  • There arose the question where we were supposed to do it. 出现了一个问题，即我们应该在哪里做。
  • The question who should go abroad on this business tour requires consideration. 谁应该出国参加这次商务旅行的问题需要考虑。
  • l have no idea when they will arrive. 我不知道他们何时会到达

• 小提示：同位语从句主要是由 that 引导，而很少用 whether 以及连接代词或连接副词引导，这是因为我们多是用陈述句来补充说明名词的内容，而很少用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句来补充说明名词的内容。

（三）同位语从句的位置

• 同位语从句是用来解释名词的，所以放在名词后。但是并非所有的名词都需要解释，比如说 apple, book 等，这些不抽象的名词就不需要解释，因为大家都已经知道它们是什么了。需要解释说明的名词只有抽象名词，因此同位语从句要位于抽象名词后，最常出现在同位语从句前的抽象名词有： idea, opinion, view, news, fact, evidence, question, doubt, reason, demand, theory, belief, possibility, chance, hope, contention, guarantee, thought, promise, problem 等。

  • In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy. 换句话说，他们都有一个共同的观点，即国际税收制度未能跟上当前经济的发展。
  • A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears 一个世纪前，弗洛伊德提出了他的革命性理论，即梦是我们无意识的欲望和恐惧的伪装影子。
  • The thought that they could cross the whole continent was exciting. 一想到他们可以穿越整个大陆，就很兴奋。 分析： 这里的先行词是 the thought，同位语从句是 that they could crossthe whole continent was exciting。
  • Some people have the idea that you can cross Canada in less than five days, but they forget the fact that Canada is 5500 kilometersfrom coast to coast. 有些人认为，你可以在不到五天的时间内穿越加拿大，但他们忘记了一个事实，即加拿大从海岸到海岸有5500公里长。 分析： 这里的先行词是 the idea，同位语从句是 that you can cross Canada in less than five days.
  • l heard the news that you won. 我听说你赢了的消息。
  • l heard the news that was told by your father. 我听到了你父亲告诉我的消息。

5. 总结

6. 拓展

• 将直接引语转化为间接引语其实是名词性从句中的宾语从句

• 名词从句的四大类型：主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句

6.1 名词从句的虚拟

1.基本用法

Used when we say that things are (un)important or (un)desirable. 当我们说某件事情是否重要或者是否有意愿的时候

形式：(should) + 动词原型

\quad\quad It’s important that the child go to a first-class school.这里不要误以为是 goes, 表达虚拟语气时，用的是 (should) go, should 可以省略，但是在翻译时翻译出应该

\quad\quad We were anxious that everybody (should) receive the information as soon as possible.，变否定，在 receive 前加 not

\quad\quad He suggested that I (should) move to another city. 这里表达时一个过去的动作，建议我，表示想要我搬去，变否定在 move 前 + not

\quad\quad Eric is concerned that the club close. Eric 担心这个俱乐部会关门，表示他不想这个俱乐部关门

\quad\quad He says that the club is closing.

\quad\quad The doctor recommends that she (should) be allowed to sit up out of bed for an hour a day. (should) be allowed 表达推荐就有想要的含义

\quad\quad It’s important that somebody (should) talk to the policeman.

\quad\quad She wished (or It was her wish) that her money (should) go to charity.

\quad\quad I insisted that the contract (should) be read aloud.

2.上述 should + 动词原型的表达含义

① Used after words expressing the importance of an action 往往表达事物的重要性。

② Used after words expressing personal reactions and judgements.表达个人的反应和判断

       ~~~~~~        It’s surprised that you (should) say that to me.

       ~~~~~~        It was strange / odd that you should have invited Emma.

3.that 引导名词从句：无含义

I heard about his idea that we should agree. 对抽象名词 idea 进行解释，同位语从句

I hope that you will be happy. 宾语从句，这里的 that 可以省略

It’s essential that you come. 主语从句

My iead is that we should agree 表语从句，that 可以省略

Lucy said that she was feeling better. 宾语从句，这里的 that 也可以省略

注：以上均无含义，只起到语法上引导从句的功能，表达含义上来看，不需要考虑，且当 that 引导宾语从句时，可以省略，表语从句的 that 也可省略，但是主语从句和同位语从句的不可省略。

6.2 主语从句的转化

1.形式： the fact that …

That she was foreign made it difficult for her to get a job. 主语从句

The fact that she was foreign made it difficult for her to get a job. 主语从句变为同位语从句，解释说明 fact

6.3 WH-引导名词从句

1. who、when、where、why、what、which、（how）

主语：Who you invite is your business. 主语从句，其中最重要的就是形式主语

宾语： Do you see how he treats me? 宾语从句

     ~~~~      how + 形容词、副词 表示多么，是程度副词，how diverse …

     ~~~~      I often think about where I met you. 介词后的宾语从句

     ~~~~      Eric told me where he was going. 间接引语，宾语从句

     ~~~~      Ask her when she will be ready. 间接引语，宾语从句

表语： A hot bath is what I need. 表语从句

同位语从句：whether

     ~~~~      I have no idea whether it will rain or not

I’m surprised at her speed.
I’m surprised at how fast she can run.(相较而言比较不正式，没有上句简洁，口语中会用到)

2. 形式主语/主语从句：变成尾重的形式

Who you invite is your business. 头重脚轻，这种形式正确，但是不地道
It is your business who you invite.引入 it 代替 后面真正的主语 Who you invite

whether / if ：直接引语是一般疑问句的时候，将其转化为间接引语(名词从句)，需要使用 whether 这个词。在 引语部分 有详细介绍

Whether you can stay here isn’t yet certain.
It is not yet certain whether you can stay here. 目前还不能确定你是否能留在这里。

3. Whoever、Whatever 、Whichever 更多引导主语从句与宾语从句

Whoever phoned just now was very impolite. 主语从句

Whatever is in that box is making a funny noise. 主语从句

4. 形式主语 ☆☆☆

That he hasn’t phoned is odd. 头重脚轻
It is odd that he hasn’t phoned.

It’s amazing that she can speak so many languages.
It’s amazing how many languages she spoke.

To read page 154 is important.
It is important to read pay 154.

Seeing you was nice.
It was nice to see you.

5. 形式宾语

① 当句中有宾语补足语时，且宾语较长（宾语从句/不定式），就需要引入形式宾语

\quad\quad I find that Eric is away odd.
\quad\quad I find it odd that Eric is away.

\quad\quad Lucy’s blister made it a problem to walk.

\quad\quad I find it difficult to make sentences with correct grammatical rules.

② regard / consider / view / see … as …，其中 as 前的宾语如果较长，可以用 it 替换，将真正的宾语放到 as 后面

\quad\quad I regard it as thoroughly bad manners that they never thanked us.

注： 两个条件：宾语补足语 宾语较长做宾语从句或不定式时

6. 形式宾语的特殊使用情况

① owe it to … to do … 把 … 归因于
     ~~~~      leave it to … to do … 把做 … 事情留给谁

      ~~~~~      We owe it to the government to help those who need help.

      ~~~~~      I’ll leave it to you to inform the other members.

② like / love / hate it + 从句
      ~~~~~       We love it when you sing English songs.

③ take it that … 我猜测
      ~~~~~       I take it that you won’t be working tomorrow. = I assume / suppose that …

④ … would appreciate it if …
      ~~~~~       I would appreciate it if you would keep me informed.
      ~~~~~       I would appreciate it if you could reply me at your earliest convenience.（书信作文结尾经典句型）

6.4 补充部分练习题