Python理论之一 —— 数据读写

1. Excel

---

from tkinter import Tk
from time import sleep
from tkinter.messagebox import showwarning # 用于弹出窗口
import win32com.client as win32 # 安装模块 pypiwin32

warn=lambda app:showwarning(app,'即将退出进程')
Range=range(3,8)

def excel():
    app='Excel'
    xl=win32.gencache.EnsureDispatch('%s.Application'%app) # 调度 excel 进程
    ss=xl.Workbooks.Add() # 添加一个工作表
    sh=ss.ActiveSheet # 获取一个活动的工作表
    xl.Visible=True # 显示电子表格
    sleep(1)
    sh.Cells(1,1).Value='python -to-%s Demo'%app # 在（1，1）（行，列）即 A1 写入内容
    sleep(1)
    for i in Range: # 循环在（i行，1列）中写入内容
        sh.Cells(i,1).Value='Line %d'%i
        sleep(1)
    sh.Cells(i+2,1).Value="Th-th-th-that's all folks!"
    warn(app) # 弹出退出警告框
    ss.Close(False) # 不保存并关闭应用
    xl.Application.Quit() # 退出应用

if __name__=='__main__':
    Tk().withdraw() # 使用 withdraw() 方法不让 tk 顶级窗口出现
    # 如果没有事先初始化顶级窗口，那么 Tk 会为你自动创建一个，而且不会将其隐藏，这样会在你的屏幕上造成一定的干扰。
    excel()
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1.1 openpyxl 模块

1. openpyxl 模块只支持【.xlsx / .xlsm / .xltx / .xltm】格式的文件
2. openpyxl 模块官网

注：一个excel文件叫一个工作簿，工作簿内的每个Sheet 叫工作表；

1.1.1 打开表格、读取/获取信息

1.1.1.1 打开表格、获取表格内sheet名：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
print(workbook.sheetnames) # 获取并查看表格内sheet名
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1.1.1.2 根据sheet名获取工作表

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
# workbook.sheetnames # 获取并查看表格内sheet名
sheet = workbook["Sheet1"] # 获取名为"Sheet1"的工作表
# print(sheet)
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1.1.1.3 获取表格的尺寸大小：尺寸大小指excel表格中的数据有几行几列

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
# workbook.sheetnames # 获取并查看表格内sheet名
sheet = workbook["Sheet1"] # 获取名为"Sheet1"的工作表
print(sheet.dimensions) # 获取表格的尺寸大小
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• 运行结果：

A2:D29 # 表示该工作表从A2开始，到D29结束；
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1.1.1.4 获取表格内某个格子的数据：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
# print(sheet)
cell1 = sheet["A1"] # 查看当前sheet中A1格子的内容
cell2 = sheet["C11"] # 查看当前sheet中C11格子的内容
print(cell1.value, cell2.value)
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1.1.1.5 获取表格内某行某列的数据：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
print(sheet)
cell1 = sheet.cell(row = 1,column = 1) # 查看当前sheet中1行1列格子的内容
cell2 = sheet.cell(row = 11,column = 3) # 查看当前sheet中11行3列格子的内容
print(cell1.value, cell2.value)
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1.1.1.6 获取某个格子的行数、列数、坐标：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
print(sheet)
cell1 = sheet["A1"]
cell2 = sheet["C11"]
print(cell1.value, cell1.row, cell1.column, cell1.coordinate)
print(cell2.value, cell2.row, cell2.column, cell2.coordinate)
"""
.row 获取某个格子的行数；
.columns 获取某个格子的列数；
.corordinate 获取某个格子的坐标；
"""
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1.1.1.7 获取一系列格子的内容：

方式一：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
print(sheet)
# 获取A1到C2区域的值，按行获取，即A1,B1,C1,A2,B2,C2共6个单元格
cell = sheet["A1:C2"]
print(cell)
for i in cell: # 循环打印内容
    for j in i:
        print(j.value)
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其他获取方式：

sheet["A"]    --- 获取A列的数据
sheet["A:C"]    --- 获取A,B,C三列的数据
sheet[5]   --- 只获取第5行的数据
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---

方式二：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
print(sheet)
# 按行获取值
for i in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=2, max_row=5, min_col=1, max_col=2): # 获取行2到行5，列1到列2内的所有内容，并以行顺序读取数据
    for j in i:
        print(j.value)
# 按列获取值
for i in sheet.iter_cols(min_row=2, max_row=5, min_col=1, max_col=2): # 获取行2到行5，列1到列2内的所有内容，并以列顺序读取数据
    for j in i:
        print(j.value)
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---

方式三：按行获取所有数据

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
print(sheet)
for i in sheet.rows: # 按行获取所有数据
        print(i)
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1.1.1.8 遍历工作表

    row_max_num= sheet.max_row # 取工作表最大列数
    # print(row_max_num)
    outputCommandList = []
    for row in range(4, row_max_num + 1):
        # item = {}

        value1 = sheet.cell(row, 2).value
        # item[key] = sheet.cell(row, 2).value
        # if row != 1:
        if value1 == '以下空白':
            break
        outputCommandList.append(value1)
    # print(commandList)
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1.1.2 写入、修改、样式配置

1.1.2.1 写入某单元格内容

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
print(sheet)
sheet["A1"] = "2333" # 写入A1单元格内容

# 写入A1单元格内容的另一种方式
cell = sheet["A1"]
cell.value = "2333"

workbook.save(filename = "newExcelFile.xlsx") # 以特定名称保存excel文件
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1.1.2.2 插入行数据：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
print(sheet)
data = [
    ["唐僧","男","180cm"],
    ["孙悟空","男","188cm"],
    ["猪八戒","男","175cm"],
    ["沙僧","男","176cm"],
]
for row in data: # 会在表格已有的数据后面，插入这些数(按行插入)
    sheet.append(row)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx") # 保存表格
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1.1.2.3 使用公式：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
print(sheet)
sheet["D1"] = "标准身高"
for i in range(1,9):
    sheet["D{}".format(i)] = '=IF(RIGHT(C{},2)="cm",C{},SUBSTITUTE(C{},"m","")*100&"cm")'.format(i,i,i) # 使用函数公式，实现单位转换：将单位为m的数值转换为单位为cm的数值
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx") # 保存文件
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---

查看支持的excel函数公式：

from openpyxl.utils import FORMULAE
print(FORMULAE)
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1.1.2.4 插入空行、空列：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
sheet.insert_cols(idx=4,amount=2) # 插入空列，即在第4列开始插入2列空列
sheet.insert_rows(idx=5,amount=4) # 插入空行，即在第5行开始插入4行空行
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx") # 保存文件

# .insert_cols(idx=数字编号, amount=要插入的列数)，插入的位置是在idx列数的左侧插入；
# .insert_rows(idx=数字编号, amount=要插入的行数)，插入的行数是在idx行数的下方插入；
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1.1.2.5 删除行、列：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
# 删除第一列，第一行
sheet.delete_cols(idx=1)
sheet.delete_rows(idx=1)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx") # 保存文件
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1.1.2.6 移动单元格：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
# 向左移动两列，向下移动两行
sheet.move_range("B6:C7",rows=2,cols=2) # 移动单元格，即B6到C7的所有单元格，向右移动两个，向下移动两格
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx") # 保存文件

# .move_range(“数据区域”,rows=,cols=)：正整数为向下或向右、负整数为向左或向上；rows表示行左右移动，cols表示列上下移动
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1.1.2.7 修改字体样式：

from openpyxl.styles import Font
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
cell = sheet["A1"] # 获取A1单元格内容
font = Font(name="微软雅黑",size=20,bold=True,italic=True,color="FF0000") # color是RGB的16进制表示
cell.font = font # 修改单元格样式
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")
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1.1.2.8 获取表格中格子的字体样式：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
cell = sheet["A1"] # 获取A1单元格内容
font = cell.font # 获取表格中格子的字体样式 
print(font.name, font.size, font.bold, font.italic, font.color)
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运行结果：

微软雅黑 20.0 True True <openpyxl.styles.colors.Color object>
Parameters:
rgb='00FF0000', indexed=None, auto=None, theme=None, tint=0.0, type='rgb'

Process finished with exit code 0
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1.1.2.9 设置对齐样式：

from openpyxl.styles import Alignment
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
cell = sheet["A1"] # 获取A1单元格内容
alignment = Alignment(horizontal="center",vertical="center",text_rotation=45,wrap_text=True)
cell.alignment = alignment # 设置单元格对齐样式
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")

# Alignment(horizontal=水平对齐模式,vertical=垂直对齐模式,text_rotation=旋转角度,wrap_text=是否自动换行)
# 水平对齐：‘distributed’，‘justify’，‘center’，‘leftfill’， ‘centerContinuous’，‘right，‘general’；
# 垂直对齐：‘bottom’，‘distributed’，‘justify’，‘center’，‘top’；
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1.1.2.10 设置边框样式：

from openpyxl import load_workbook
from openpyxl.styles import Border, Side

workbook = load_workbook(filename="test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
cell = sheet["D6"]
side1 = Side(style="thin",color="FF0000")
side2 = Side(style="thick",color="FFFF0000")
border = Border(left=side1,right=side1,top=side2,bottom=side2)
cell.border = border # 设置该单元格的边框样式
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")
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---

查看边框线的内置 styles：

from openpyxl.styles import Border, Side, borders
print(dir(borders))
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1.1.2.11 设置填充样式：

from openpyxl.styles import PatternFill,GradientFill
from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
cell_b9 = sheet["B9"]
pattern_fill = PatternFill(fill_type="solid",fgColor="99ccff")
cell_b9.fill = pattern_fill # 填充单元格
cell_b10 = sheet["B10"]
gradient_fill = GradientFill(stop=("FFFFFF","99ccff","000000"))
cell_b10.fill = gradient_fill # 填充单元格
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")

# PatternFill(fill_type=填充样式，fgColor=填充颜色）
# GradientFill(stop=(渐变颜色1，渐变颜色2……))
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---

查看支持的单元格填充样式：

from openpyxl.styles import PatternFill,GradientFill
print(gradient_fill)
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1.1.2.12 设置行高和列宽：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
# 设置第1行的高度
sheet.row_dimensions[1].height = 50
# 设置B列的宽度
sheet.column_dimensions["B"].width = 20
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")
"""
sheet.row_dimensions.height = 50
sheet.column_dimensions.width = 30
这两句代码，是将整个表的行高设置为50，列宽设置为30；
"""
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1.1.2.13 合并/取消合并单元格：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename="test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
sheet.merge_cells("C1:D2") # 合并C1到D2的单元格
sheet.merge_cells(start_row=7,start_column=1,end_row=8,end_column=3)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")

# .merge_cells(待合并的格子编号)
# .merge_cells(start_row=起始行号，start_column=起始列号，end_row=结束行号，end_column=结束列号)
# 取消合并单元格：
# .unmerge_cells(待合并的格子编号)
# .unmerge_cells(start_row=起始行号，start_column=起始列号，end_row=结束行号，end_column=结束列号)
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1.1.3 工作表sheet相关操作

1.1.3.1 创建新的sheet表格：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
workbook.create_sheet("这是一个新的sheet")
print(workbook.sheetnames)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")
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1.1.3.2 删除某个sheet表：

workbook.remove(sheet)
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1.1.3.3 复制一个sheet表到另外一张excel表

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "a.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
print("a.xlsx中有这几个sheet表：",workbook.sheetnames)
sheet = workbook['姓名'] # 获取名为“姓名”的工作表
workbook.copy_worksheet(sheet) # 复制该工作表
workbook.save(filename = "a.xlsx") # 保存文件
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1.1.3.4 修改sheet表的名称：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "a.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
sheet.title = "这是修改后的sheet名" # 修改工作表名
print(sheet)
workbook.save(filename = "a.xlsx") # 保存文件
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1.1.3.5 创建新的excel文件：

from openpyxl import Workbook

workbook = Workbook() # 获取一个表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
sheet.title = "表格1" # 修改工作表名
workbook.save(filename = "新建的excel表格.xlsx") # 保存文件
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1.1.3.6 冻结单元格：

from openpyxl import load_workbook

workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx") # 打开并获取表格
sheet = workbook.active # 获取当前活动的sheet
sheet.freeze_panes = ("A2") # 冻结首行
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx") # 保存文件
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2. word

---

与 Excel 相似，唯一的不同是，Excel 中是写入单元格，而在 Word 中则是在文档的文本“范围”内插入字符串。

from tkinter import Tk
from time import sleep
from tkinter.messagebox import showwarning
import win32com.client as win32

warn=lambda app:showwarning(app,'即将退出进程')
Range=range(3,8)

def word():
    app='Word'
    word=win32.gencache.EnsureDispatch('%s.Application'%app) # 调度 word 进程
    doc=word.Documents.Add() # 添加一个 word 文档
    word.Visible=True # 显示该文档
    sleep(1)

    rng=doc.Range(0,0)
    rng.InsertAfter('Python-to-%s Test \r\n\r\n'%app)
    sleep(1)
    for i in Range:
        rng.InsertAfter('line %d\r\n'%i)
        sleep(1)

    rng.InsertAfter("\r\n th-th-th-that")
    warn(app) # 弹出警告框
    doc.Close(False) # 不保存并关闭
    word.Application.Quit() # 退出进程

if __name__=='__main__':
    Tk().withdraw()
    word()
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3. TXT

3.1 打开TXT 文件

with open("data.txt", "r") as f:
# 或
txtfile_dataTemp = open('data360kHzRsTemp.txt.txt',mode='w')
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其中打开方式类型如下：

3.2 读取TXT 文件内容

假设有data.txt 文件，其内容如下：

F: 360.00; Q: 13.335; A: 0.874; B: 148.245; C: -223.639
set f 360
Set F 360.00 Pass
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• 读取TXT 内容函数如下：

with open("data.txt", "r") as f:
	str_testData = f.readline() # 返回字符串，读取第一行
	# data 打印结果：
	# 
	# F: 360.00; Q: 13.335; A: 0.874; B: 148.245; C: -223.639
	
	list_testData = f.readlines() # 返回列表，读取所有行，每一行为一个列表成员
	# 
	# ['F: 360.00; Q: 13.335; A: 0.874; B: 148.245; C: -223.639\n', 'set f 360\n', 'Set F 360.00 Pass']
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3.3 向TXT 写入内容

txtfile_dataTemp = open('sTemp.txt',mode='w') # 打开文件
txtfile_dataTemp.write(`2333` + '\n') # 写入内容
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3.4 关闭TXT 文件

txtfile_dataTemp.close()
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