• Oracle 表创建和表管理

    1.表的命名

    • 必须以字母开头
    • 字符长度在1-30之间
    • 只能包含A-Z，a-z,0-9,_,$和#
    • 被同一个用户拥有的对象不能有重复的名字

    2.表的创建

    1. SQL> create table t01(id number(4),name varchar2(15));
    2.  
    3. Table created.
    4.  
    5. SQL> desc t01
    6.  Name                                                                                                              Null?    Type
    7.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    8.  ID                                                                                                                         NUMBER(4)
    9.  NAME                                                                                                                       VARCHAR2(15)
    10.  
    11. SQL> select * from t01;
    12.  
    13. no rows selected
    14.  
    15. SQL>

    3. 子查询建表并copy 表

    1. SQL> create table e01 as select * from emp;
    2.  
    3. Table created.
    4.  
    5. SQL> select * from e01;
    6.  
    7.      EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE         SAL       COMM     DEPTNO
    8. ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
    9.       7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-DEC-80        800                    20
    10.       7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN        7698 20-FEB-81       1600        300         30
    11.       7521 WARD       SALESMAN        7698 22-FEB-81       1250        500         30
    12.       7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-APR-81       2975                    20
    13.       7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN        7698 28-SEP-81       1250       1400         30
    14.       7698 BLAKE      MANAGER         7839 01-MAY-81       2850                    30
    15.       7782 CLARK      MANAGER         7839 09-JUN-81       2450                    10
    16.       7788 SCOTT      ANALYST         7566 24-JAN-87       3000                    20
    17.       7839 KING       PRESIDENT            17-NOV-81       5000                    10
    18.       7844 TURNER     SALESMAN        7698 08-SEP-81       1500          0         30
    19.       7876 ADAMS      CLERK           7788 02-APR-87       1100                    20
    20.       7900 JAMES      CLERK           7698 03-DEC-81        950                    30
    21.       7902 FORD       ANALYST         7566 03-DEC-81       3000                    20
    22.       7934 MILLER     CLERK           7782 23-JAN-82       1300                    10
    23.  
    24. 14 rows selected.
    25.  
    26. SQL>

    4. 子查询建表只拷贝表结构

    1. SQL> create table e02 as select * from emp where 1=0;
    2.  
    3. Table created.
    4.  
    5. SQL> select * from e02;
    6.  
    7. no rows selected
    8.  
    9. SQL>

    5.用户表 和数据字典

    用户表

    • 由用户创建和维护的表的集合
    • 包含用户信息

    数据字典

    • 由Oracle服务器创建和维护的表的集合
    • 包含数据库的信息
    • USER_ ： （有关用户对象的信息）
    • ALL_  ： 所有用户可以方法的表的信息（对象表和相关表）
    • DBA_ ： 受限视图，只能够被分配给DBA角色的人访问
    • V$  :  动态性能视图，数据库服务器性能，内存和锁

    查询数据字典

    • 查看用户拥有的表的名称
    1. SQL> 
    2. SQL> select table_name from user_tables;
    3.  
    4. TABLE_NAME
    5. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    6. DEPT
    7. EMP
    8. BONUS
    9. SALGRADE
    10. T01
    11. E01
    12. E02
    13.  
    14. 7 rows selected.
    15.  
    16. SQL>
    • 查看用户拥有的不同对象类型
    1. SQL> 
    2. SQL> select distinct object_type from user_objects;
    3.  
    4. OBJECT_TYPE
    5. -----------------------
    6. INDEX
    7. TABLE
    8.  
    9. SQL>
    • 查看用户拥有的表，视图，同义字和序列
    1. SQL> 
    2. SQL> select * from user_catalog;
    3.  
    4. TABLE_NAME                                                                                                                       TABLE_TYPE
    5. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
    6. DEPT                                                                                                                             TABLE
    7. EMP                                                                                                                              TABLE
    8. BONUS                                                                                                                            TABLE
    9. SALGRADE                                                                                                                         TABLE
    10. T01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    11. E01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    12. E02                                                                                                                              TABLE
    13.  
    14. 7 rows selected.
    15.  
    16. SQL>

    数据类型：

    Alter table 语句

    1. SQL> 
    2. SQL> select * from user_catalog;
    3.  
    4. TABLE_NAME                                                                                                                       TABLE_TYPE
    5. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
    6. DEPT                                                                                                                             TABLE
    7. EMP                                                                                                                              TABLE
    8. BONUS                                                                                                                            TABLE
    9. SALGRADE                                                                                                                         TABLE
    10. T01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    11. E01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    12. E02                                                                                                                              TABLE
    13.  
    14. 7 rows selected.
    15.  
    16. SQL> desc e01
    17.  Name                                                                                                              Null?    Type
    18.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    19.  EMPNO                                                                                                                      NUMBER(4)
    20.  ENAME                                                                                                                      VARCHAR2(10)
    21.  JOB                                                                                                                        VARCHAR2(9)
    22.  MGR                                                                                                                        NUMBER(4)
    23.  HIREDATE                                                                                                                   DATE
    24.  SAL                                                                                                                        NUMBER(7,2)
    25.  COMM                                                                                                                       NUMBER(7,2)
    26.  DEPTNO                                                                                                                     NUMBER(2)
    27.  
    28. SQL> alter table e01 add (location varchar2(10));
    29.  
    30. Table altered.
    31.  
    32. SQL> desc e01
    33.  Name                                                                                                              Null?    Type
    34.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    35.  EMPNO                                                                                                                      NUMBER(4)
    36.  ENAME                                                                                                                      VARCHAR2(10)
    37.  JOB                                                                                                                        VARCHAR2(9)
    38.  MGR                                                                                                                        NUMBER(4)
    39.  HIREDATE                                                                                                                   DATE
    40.  SAL                                                                                                                        NUMBER(7,2)
    41.  COMM                                                                                                                       NUMBER(7,2)
    42.  DEPTNO                                                                                                                     NUMBER(2)
    43.  LOCATION                                                                                                                   VARCHAR2(10)
    44.  
    45. SQL> select * from e01;
    46.  
    47.      EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE         SAL       COMM     DEPTNO LOCATION
    48. ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
    49.       7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-DEC-80        800                    20
    50.       7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN        7698 20-FEB-81       1600        300         30
    51.       7521 WARD       SALESMAN        7698 22-FEB-81       1250        500         30
    52.       7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-APR-81       2975                    20
    53.       7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN        7698 28-SEP-81       1250       1400         30
    54.       7698 BLAKE      MANAGER         7839 01-MAY-81       2850                    30
    55.       7782 CLARK      MANAGER         7839 09-JUN-81       2450                    10
    56.       7788 SCOTT      ANALYST         7566 24-JAN-87       3000                    20
    57.       7839 KING       PRESIDENT            17-NOV-81       5000                    10
    58.       7844 TURNER     SALESMAN        7698 08-SEP-81       1500          0         30
    59.       7876 ADAMS      CLERK           7788 02-APR-87       1100                    20
    60.       7900 JAMES      CLERK           7698 03-DEC-81        950                    30
    61.       7902 FORD       ANALYST         7566 03-DEC-81       3000                    20
    62.       7934 MILLER     CLERK           7782 23-JAN-82       1300                    10
    63.  
    64. 14 rows selected.
    65.  
    66. SQL> alter table e01 modify (location varchar2(13));
    67.  
    68. Table altered.
    69.  
    70. SQL> desc dept;
    71.  Name                                                                                                              Null?    Type
    72.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    73.  DEPTNO                                                                                                            NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
    74.  DNAME                                                                                                                      VARCHAR2(14)
    75.  LOC                                                                                                                        VARCHAR2(13)
    76.  
    77. SQL> desc e01;
    78.  Name                                                                                                              Null?    Type
    79.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    80.  EMPNO                                                                                                                      NUMBER(4)
    81.  ENAME                                                                                                                      VARCHAR2(10)
    82.  JOB                                                                                                                        VARCHAR2(9)
    83.  MGR                                                                                                                        NUMBER(4)
    84.  HIREDATE                                                                                                                   DATE
    85.  SAL                                                                                                                        NUMBER(7,2)
    86.  COMM                                                                                                                       NUMBER(7,2)
    87.  DEPTNO                                                                                                                     NUMBER(2)
    88.  LOCATION                                                                                                                   VARCHAR2(13)
    89.  
    90. SQL> alter table e01 modify (HIREDATE date default sysdate);
    91.  
    92. Table altered.
    93.  
    94. SQL> desc user_tab_columns
    95.  Name                                                                                                              Null?    Type
    96.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    97.  TABLE_NAME                                                                                                        NOT NULL VARCHAR2(128)
    98.  COLUMN_NAME                                                                                                       NOT NULL VARCHAR2(128)
    99.  DATA_TYPE                                                                                                                  VARCHAR2(128)
    100.  DATA_TYPE_MOD                                                                                                              VARCHAR2(3)
    101.  DATA_TYPE_OWNER                                                                                                            VARCHAR2(128)
    102.  DATA_LENGTH                                                                                                       NOT NULL NUMBER
    103.  DATA_PRECISION                                                                                                             NUMBER
    104.  DATA_SCALE                                                                                                                 NUMBER
    105.  NULLABLE                                                                                                                   VARCHAR2(1)
    106.  COLUMN_ID                                                                                                                  NUMBER
    107.  DEFAULT_LENGTH                                                                                                             NUMBER
    108.  DATA_DEFAULT                                                                                                               LONG
    109.  NUM_DISTINCT                                                                                                               NUMBER
    110.  LOW_VALUE                                                                                                                  RAW(2000)
    111.  HIGH_VALUE                                                                                                                 RAW(2000)
    112.  DENSITY                                                                                                                    NUMBER
    113.  NUM_NULLS                                                                                                                  NUMBER
    114.  NUM_BUCKETS                                                                                                                NUMBER
    115.  LAST_ANALYZED                                                                                                              DATE
    116.  SAMPLE_SIZE                                                                                                                NUMBER
    117.  CHARACTER_SET_NAME                                                                                                         VARCHAR2(44)
    118.  CHAR_COL_DECL_LENGTH                                                                                                       NUMBER
    119.  GLOBAL_STATS                                                                                                               VARCHAR2(3)
    120.  USER_STATS                                                                                                                 VARCHAR2(3)
    121.  AVG_COL_LEN                                                                                                                NUMBER
    122.  CHAR_LENGTH                                                                                                                NUMBER
    123.  CHAR_USED                                                                                                                  VARCHAR2(1)
    124.  V80_FMT_IMAGE                                                                                                              VARCHAR2(3)
    125.  DATA_UPGRADED                                                                                                              VARCHAR2(3)
    126.  HISTOGRAM                                                                                                                  VARCHAR2(15)
    127.  DEFAULT_ON_NULL                                                                                                            VARCHAR2(3)
    128.  IDENTITY_COLUMN                                                                                                            VARCHAR2(3)
    129.  EVALUATION_EDITION                                                                                                         VARCHAR2(128)
    130.  UNUSABLE_BEFORE                                                                                                            VARCHAR2(128)
    131.  UNUSABLE_BEGINNING                                                                                                         VARCHAR2(128)
    132.  COLLATION                                                                                                                  VARCHAR2(100)
    133.  
    134. SQL> select COLUMN_NAME,DATA_DEFAULT from user_tab_columns where table_name='E01';
    135.  
    136. COLUMN_NAME
    137. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    138. DATA_DEFAULT
    139. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    140. LOCATION
    141.  
    142.  
    143. EMPNO
    144.  
    145.  
    146. ENAME
    147.  
    148.  
    149. JOB
    150.  
    151.  
    152. MGR
    153.  
    154.  
    155. HIREDATE
    156. sysdate
    157.  
    158. SAL
    159.  
    160.  
    161. COMM
    162.  
    163.  
    164. DEPTNO
    165.  
    166.  
    167.  
    168. 9 rows selected.
    169.  
    170. SQL> col COLUMN_NAME for a20
    171. SQL> col DATA_DEFAULT for a30
    172. SQL> select COLUMN_NAME,DATA_DEFAULT from user_tab_columns where table_name='E01';
    173.  
    174. COLUMN_NAME          DATA_DEFAULT
    175. -------------------- ------------------------------
    176. LOCATION
    177. EMPNO
    178. ENAME
    179. JOB
    180. MGR
    181. HIREDATE             sysdate
    182. SAL
    183. COMM
    184. DEPTNO
    185.  
    186. 9 rows selected.
    187.  
    188. SQL>

    对于大表列的删除采用的方法如下：（先置为unused,之后再删除，效率最高，最快）

    1. SQL> 
    2. SQL> 
    3. SQL> alter table e01 drop (HIREDATE);
    4.  
    5. Table altered.
    6.  
    7. SQL> desc e01;
    8.  Name                                                                                                              Null?    Type
    9.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    10.  EMPNO                                                                                                                      NUMBER(4)
    11.  ENAME                                                                                                                      VARCHAR2(10)
    12.  JOB                                                                                                                        VARCHAR2(9)
    13.  MGR                                                                                                                        NUMBER(4)
    14.  SAL                                                                                                                        NUMBER(7,2)
    15.  COMM                                                                                                                       NUMBER(7,2)
    16.  DEPTNO                                                                                                                     NUMBER(2)
    17.  LOCATION                                                                                                                   VARCHAR2(13)
    18.  
    19. SQL> rollback;
    20.  
    21. Rollback complete.
    22.  
    23. SQL> desc e01;
    24.  Name                                                                                                              Null?    Type
    25.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    26.  EMPNO                                                                                                                      NUMBER(4)
    27.  ENAME                                                                                                                      VARCHAR2(10)
    28.  JOB                                                                                                                        VARCHAR2(9)
    29.  MGR                                                                                                                        NUMBER(4)
    30.  SAL                                                                                                                        NUMBER(7,2)
    31.  COMM                                                                                                                       NUMBER(7,2)
    32.  DEPTNO                                                                                                                     NUMBER(2)
    33.  LOCATION                                                                                                                   VARCHAR2(13)
    34.  
    35. SQL> select COLUMN_NAME,DATA_DEFAULT from user_tab_columns where table_name='E01';
    36.  
    37. COLUMN_NAME          DATA_DEFAULT
    38. -------------------- ------------------------------
    39. LOCATION
    40. EMPNO
    41. ENAME
    42. JOB
    43. MGR
    44. SAL
    45. COMM
    46. DEPTNO
    47.  
    48. 8 rows selected.
    49.  
    50. SQL> 
    51. SQL> alter table e01 set unused column mgr;
    52.  
    53. Table altered.
    54.  
    55. SQL> desc e01;
    56.  Name                                                                                                              Null?    Type
    57.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    58.  EMPNO                                                                                                                      NUMBER(4)
    59.  ENAME                                                                                                                      VARCHAR2(10)
    60.  JOB                                                                                                                        VARCHAR2(9)
    61.  SAL                                                                                                                        NUMBER(7,2)
    62.  COMM                                                                                                                       NUMBER(7,2)
    63.  DEPTNO                                                                                                                     NUMBER(2)
    64.  LOCATION                                                                                                                   VARCHAR2(13)
    65.  
    66. SQL> alter table e01 drop unused columns;
    67.  
    68. Table altered.
    69.  
    70. SQL>

    闪回表恢复drop的表，drop的table仍在回收站中，只需要flashback 操作便可以将其捡回来。

    1. SQL> insert into e02 select * from emp;
    2.  
    3. 14 rows created.
    4.  
    5. SQL> select * from tab;
    6.  
    7. TNAME                                                                                                                            TABTYPE        CLUSTERID
    8. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ----------
    9. DEPT                                                                                                                             TABLE
    10. EMP                                                                                                                              TABLE
    11. BONUS                                                                                                                            TABLE
    12. SALGRADE                                                                                                                         TABLE
    13. T01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    14. E01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    15. E02                                                                                                                              TABLE
    16.  
    17. 7 rows selected.
    18.  
    19. SQL> drop table e02;
    20.  
    21. Table dropped.
    22.  
    23. SQL> select * from tab;
    24.  
    25. TNAME                                                                                                                            TABTYPE        CLUSTERID
    26. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ----------
    27. DEPT                                                                                                                             TABLE
    28. EMP                                                                                                                              TABLE
    29. BONUS                                                                                                                            TABLE
    30. SALGRADE                                                                                                                         TABLE
    31. T01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    32. E01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    33. BIN$7ZYRI7OIbgzgU4oIqMCjqg==$0                                                                                                   TABLE
    34.  
    35. 7 rows selected.
    36.  
    37. SQL> select * from "BIN$7ZYRI7OIbgzgU4oIqMCjqg==$0";
    38.  
    39.      EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE         SAL       COMM     DEPTNO
    40. ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
    41.       7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-DEC-80        800                    20
    42.       7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN        7698 20-FEB-81       1600        300         30
    43.       7521 WARD       SALESMAN        7698 22-FEB-81       1250        500         30
    44.       7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-APR-81       2975                    20
    45.       7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN        7698 28-SEP-81       1250       1400         30
    46.       7698 BLAKE      MANAGER         7839 01-MAY-81       2850                    30
    47.       7782 CLARK      MANAGER         7839 09-JUN-81       2450                    10
    48.       7788 SCOTT      ANALYST         7566 24-JAN-87       3000                    20
    49.       7839 KING       PRESIDENT            17-NOV-81       5000                    10
    50.       7844 TURNER     SALESMAN        7698 08-SEP-81       1500          0         30
    51.       7876 ADAMS      CLERK           7788 02-APR-87       1100                    20
    52.       7900 JAMES      CLERK           7698 03-DEC-81        950                    30
    53.       7902 FORD       ANALYST         7566 03-DEC-81       3000                    20
    54.       7934 MILLER     CLERK           7782 23-JAN-82       1300                    10
    55.  
    56. 14 rows selected.
    57.  
    58. SQL> flashback table e02 to before drop;
    59.  
    60. Flashback complete.
    61.  
    62. SQL> select * from tab;
    63.  
    64. TNAME                                                                                                                            TABTYPE        CLUSTERID
    65. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ----------
    66. DEPT                                                                                                                             TABLE
    67. EMP                                                                                                                              TABLE
    68. BONUS                                                                                                                            TABLE
    69. SALGRADE                                                                                                                         TABLE
    70. T01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    71. E01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    72. E02                                                                                                                              TABLE
    73.  
    74. 7 rows selected.
    75.  
    76. SQL> select * from e02;
    77.  
    78.      EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE         SAL       COMM     DEPTNO
    79. ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
    80.       7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-DEC-80        800                    20
    81.       7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN        7698 20-FEB-81       1600        300         30
    82.       7521 WARD       SALESMAN        7698 22-FEB-81       1250        500         30
    83.       7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-APR-81       2975                    20
    84.       7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN        7698 28-SEP-81       1250       1400         30
    85.       7698 BLAKE      MANAGER         7839 01-MAY-81       2850                    30
    86.       7782 CLARK      MANAGER         7839 09-JUN-81       2450                    10
    87.       7788 SCOTT      ANALYST         7566 24-JAN-87       3000                    20
    88.       7839 KING       PRESIDENT            17-NOV-81       5000                    10
    89.       7844 TURNER     SALESMAN        7698 08-SEP-81       1500          0         30
    90.       7876 ADAMS      CLERK           7788 02-APR-87       1100                    20
    91.       7900 JAMES      CLERK           7698 03-DEC-81        950                    30
    92.       7902 FORD       ANALYST         7566 03-DEC-81       3000                    20
    93.       7934 MILLER     CLERK           7782 23-JAN-82       1300                    10
    94.  
    95. 14 rows selected.
    96.  
    97. SQL>

    以下语句为purged回收站语句。

    1. SQL> purge recyclebin;
    2.  
    3. Recyclebin purged.
    4.  
    5. SQL> select * from tab;
    6.  
    7. TNAME                                                                                                                            TABTYPE        CLUSTERID
    8. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ----------
    9. DEPT                                                                                                                             TABLE
    10. EMP                                                                                                                              TABLE
    11. BONUS                                                                                                                            TABLE
    12. SALGRADE                                                                                                                         TABLE
    13. T01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    14. E01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    15. E02                                                                                                                              TABLE
    16.  
    17. 7 rows selected.
    18.  
    19. SQL>

    重命名

    1. SQL> create table "123" as select * from dept;
    2.  
    3. Table created.
    4.  
    5. SQL> select * from tab;
    6.  
    7. TNAME                                                                                                                            TABTYPE        CLUSTERID
    8. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ----------
    9. DEPT                                                                                                                             TABLE
    10. EMP                                                                                                                              TABLE
    11. BONUS                                                                                                                            TABLE
    12. SALGRADE                                                                                                                         TABLE
    13. T01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    14. E01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    15. E02                                                                                                                              TABLE
    16. 123                                                                                                                              TABLE
    17.  
    18. 8 rows selected.
    19.  
    20. SQL> rename "123" to detail_dept;
    21.  
    22. Table renamed.
    23.  
    24. SQL> select * from tab;
    25.  
    26. TNAME                                                                                                                            TABTYPE        CLUSTERID
    27. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ----------
    28. DEPT                                                                                                                             TABLE
    29. EMP                                                                                                                              TABLE
    30. BONUS                                                                                                                            TABLE
    31. SALGRADE                                                                                                                         TABLE
    32. T01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    33. E01                                                                                                                              TABLE
    34. E02                                                                                                                              TABLE
    35. DETAIL_DEPT                                                                                                                      TABLE
    36.  
    37. 8 rows selected.
    38.  
    39. SQL>

    Truncate table 语句

    • 删除表中所有的行
    • 释放被表占用的存储空间

    当使用TRUNCATE 时不能回滚行删除。

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  • 原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/u011868279/article/details/127891063