IOC思想基于IOC容器完成,IOC容器底层就是对象工厂,DI(依赖注入)是IOC思想的具体实现
Spring提供IOC容器实现的两种方式:
BeanFactory:IOC容器的基本实现方式,是Spring内部的使用接口,不提供开发人员使用
加载配置文件时候不会创建对象,在获取对象时采取创建对象
ApplicatioContext:BeanFactory接口的子接口,提供更多更强大的功能,一般由开发人员进行使用
加载配置文件的时候就会把配置文件中的对象进行创建
Bean的作用域
Spring中Bean默认是单例的,表示对IOC容器中的同一个Bean多次getBean得到的是同一个实例:
@Test
public void testStu(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean2.xml");
Stu stu = (Stu) context.getBean("stu");
Stu stu2 = (Stu) context.getBean("stu");
System.out.println(stu); //com.dxy.spring5.Stu@17776a8
System.out.println(stu2); //com.dxy.spring5.Stu@17776a8
}
当然我们可以通过bean中 scope=”prototype“ 属性设置为多例
<bean id="stu" class="com.dxy.spring5.Stu" scope="prototype">bean>
修改后得到的输出为
@Test
public void testStu(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean2.xml");
Stu stu = (Stu) context.getBean("stu");
Stu stu2 = (Stu) context.getBean("stu");
System.out.println(stu); //com.dxy.spring5.Stu@17776a8
System.out.println(stu2); //com.dxy.spring5.Stu@69a10787
}
除此之外,singleton与prototype还有以下区别:
scope值设置为singleton时,在加载spring配置文件的时候就会创建对象
scope值设置为prototype时,不会在加载spring配置文件的时候创建对象,而是在调用getBean方法时创建对象(每调一次就会创建一个全新的实例)
Bean的生命周期
①通过构造器创建bean实例(无参构造)
②为bean 的属性设置值和对其他bean的引用(调用set方法)
③调用bean 的初始化方法(需要进行配置初始化的方法)
④bean可以使用了(对象获取到了)
⑤当容器关闭的时候,调用bean的销毁方法(需要进行配置销毁的方法)
如果考虑bean的后置处理器,则bean完整的生命周期应该为七步
①通过构造器创建bean实例(无参构造)
②为bean 的属性设置值和对其他bean的引用(调用set方法)
③把bean实例传递给bean后置处理器的方法postProcessBeforeInitialization
④调用bean 的初始化方法(需要进行配置初始化的方法)
⑤把bean实例传递给bean后置处理器的方法postProcessAfterInitialization
⑥bean可以使用了(对象获取到了)
⑦当容器关闭的时候,调用bean的销毁方法(需要进行配置销毁的方法)
Bean管理
Bean管理指的是两个操作:①Spring创建对象;②Spring注入属性
Bean管理操作有两种方式:①基于xml配置文件方式实现;②基于注解方式实现
基于xml的实现方式
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="user" class="com.dxy.spring5.User">
<property name="userName" value="zhangsan">property>
bean>
<bean id="user1" class="com.dxy.spring5.User" p:userName="lisi">bean>
<bean id="order" class="com.dxy.spring5.Orders">
<constructor-arg name="oname" value="box">constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg name="address" value="China">constructor-arg>
bean>
<bean id="user2" class="com.dxy.spring5.User">
<property name="userName" value="zhangsan">property>
<property name="orders" ref="order">property>
<property name="orders.oname" value="bottle">property>
bean>
<bean id="user3" class="com.dxy.spring5.User">
<property name="userName" value="zhangsan">property>
<property name="orders">
<bean id="order1" class="com.dxy.spring5.Orders">
<constructor-arg name="oname" value="computer">constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg name="address" value="China">constructor-arg>
bean>
property>
bean>
beans>
集合的属性注入
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/util
http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd">
<bean id="stu" class="com.dxy.spring5.Stu">
<property name="courses">
<array>
<value>数学value>
<value>语文value>
<value>历史value>
array>
property>
<property name="books" >
<list>
<ref bean="book1">ref>
<ref bean="book2">ref>
list>
property>
<property name="numbers">
<map>
<entry key="zhangsan" value="001">entry>
<entry key="lisi" value="002">entry>
map>
property>
bean>
<util:list id="bookList">
<ref bean="book1">ref>
<ref bean="book2">ref>
util:list>
<bean id="book1" class="com.dxy.spring5.Book">
<property name="bookName" value="Java并发编程">property>
bean>
<bean id="book2" class="com.dxy.spring5.Book">
<property name="bookName" value="深入理解Java虚拟机">property>
bean>
beans>
用的实体类:
User类
package com.dxy.spring5;
/**
* Description:
* date: 2022/11/15 18:42
*
* @author dxy
* @since JDK 1.8
*/
public class User {
private String userName;
private Orders orders;
public void setUserName(String name){
this.userName=name;
}
public void setOrders(Orders orders) {
this.orders = orders;
}
public Orders getOrders() {
return orders;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User{" +
"userName='" + userName + '\'' +
", orders=" + orders +
'}';
}
}
Orders类
package com.dxy.spring5;
/**
* Description:
* date: 2022/11/15 19:24
*
* @author dxy
* @since JDK 1.8
*/
public class Orders {
private String oname;
private String address;
public Orders(String oname, String address) {
this.oname = oname;
this.address = address;
}
public void setOname(String oname) {
this.oname = oname;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Orders{" +
"oname='" + oname + '\'' +
", address='" + address + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
Stu类
package com.dxy.spring5;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* Description:
* date: 2022/11/15 20:43
*
* @author dxy
* @since JDK 1.8
*/
public class Stu {
private String[] courses;
private List<Book> books;
private Map<String,Integer> numbers;
public void setCourses(String[] courses) {
this.courses = courses;
}
public void setBooks(List<Book> books) {
this.books = books;
}
public void setNumbers(Map<String, Integer> numbers) {
this.numbers = numbers;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Stu{" +
"courses=" + Arrays.toString(courses) +
", books=" + books+
", numbers=" + numbers +
'}';
}
}
Book类
package com.dxy.spring5;
/**
* Description:
* date: 2022/11/15 20:46
*
* @author dxy
* @since JDK 1.8
*/
public class Book {
private String bookName;
public void setBookName(String bookName) {
this.bookName = bookName;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Book{" +
"bookName='" + bookName + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
用于测试的类:
TestSpring5
package com.dxy.spring5.testdemo;
import com.dxy.spring5.Orders;
import com.dxy.spring5.Stu;
import com.dxy.spring5.User;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
/**
* Description:
* date: 2022/11/15 18:31
*
* @author dxy
* @since JDK 1.8
*/
public class TestSpring5 {
@Test
public void testStu(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean2.xml");
Stu stu = (Stu) context.getBean("stu");
System.out.println(stu);
}
@Test
public void testAdd(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean1.xml");
User user = (User)context.getBean("user2");
Orders order = (Orders) context.getBean("order");
System.out.println(user.toString());
}
}
以上我们都是进行手动装配的,即在bean中指定属性以及我们要设置的值,下面我们介绍一下Spring的自动装配
自动装配:根据指定装配规则(属性名称或者属性类型),Spring 自动将匹配的属性值进行注入
在xml中演示自动装配
基于byName的自动装配:(在bean中设置autowire=“byName”,此时会根据属性名称来寻找对应id的bean,并将属性值注入)
<bean id="user" class="com.dxy.spring5.User" autowire="byName">
<property name="userName" value="zhangsan">property>
bean>
<bean id="orders" class="com.dxy.spring5.Orders">
<constructor-arg name="oname" value="box">constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg name="address" value="China">constructor-arg>
bean>
运行测试类中得到:
User{userName='zhangsan', orders=Orders{oname='box', address='China'}}
基于byType的自动装配:在bean中设置autowire=“byType”,此时会根据属性的类型来寻找对应class的bean,并将属性值注入)
<bean id="user" class="com.dxy.spring5.User" autowire="byType">
<property name="userName" value="zhangsan">property>
bean>
<bean id="orders" class="com.dxy.spring5.Orders">
<constructor-arg name="oname" value="box">constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg name="address" value="China">constructor-arg>
bean>
我们可以得到相同的输出结果。但需要特别注意的是,如果有多个类型相同的bean,我们就不能使用byType来进行自动装配了!
基于注解的实现方式
使用注解的目的:简化xml配置
Spring针对Bean管理中创建对象提供注解:@Component @Service @Controoler @Repository
上面四个注解功能一致,都可以创建bean实例,只不过我们习惯在不同的层上使用不同的注解,是开发更加规范
我们先引入了context空间,然后开启组件扫描
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<context:component-scan base-package="com.dxy">context:component-scan>
beans>
创建UserService类,使用注解实现Spring创建对象:
package com.dxy.spring5.service;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
/**
* Description:
* date: 2022/11/16 10:30
*
* @author dxy
* @since JDK 1.8
*/
//注解中value属性值可以不写,默认值是类名称首字母小写
@Service(value = "userService") //等价于
public class UserService {
public void print(){
System.out.println("test...");
}
}
@Test
public void testUserService(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean3.xml");
UserService userService = (UserService) context.getBean("userService");
userService.print();
}
使用注解方式实现属性注入:
@Autowired:根据属性类型进行自动装配 (使用最多)
@Qualifier:根据属性名称进行注入,使用@Qualifier时需要和@Autowired一起使用
@Resource:既可以根据类型注入(使用@Resource),也可以根据名称注入 (使用@Resource(name=“xxx”))
@Value:可以注入普通属性
package com.dxy.spring5.service;
import com.dxy.spring5.dao.UserDao;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
/**
* Description:
* date: 2022/11/16 10:30
*
* @author dxy
* @since JDK 1.8
*/
//注解中value属性值可以不写,默认值是类名称首字母小写
@Service(value = "userService") //等价于
public class UserService {
//在service中注入dao对象,添加注入属性注解
@Autowired
private UserDao userDao;
public void print(){
System.out.println("test...");
userDao.print();
}
}
UserDao
package com.dxy.spring5.dao;
/**
* Description:
* date: 2022/11/16 10:47
*
* @author dxy
* @since JDK 1.8
*/
public interface UserDao {
public void print();
}
UserDaoImpl
package com.dxy.spring5.dao;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
/**
* Description:
* date: 2022/11/16 10:47
*
* @author dxy
* @since JDK 1.8
*/
@Repository
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao{
public void print() {
System.out.println("dao test...");
}
}
完全注解开发
创建配置类,替代xml配置文件
package com.dxy.spring5.config;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
/**
* Description:
* date: 2022/11/16 11:03
*
* @author dxy
* @since JDK 1.8
*/
@Configuration //作为配置类,替代xml配置文件
@ComponentScan(basePackages = {"com.dxy"})
public class SpringConfig {
}
测试时也有点变化:
@Test
public void testUserService1(){
//加载配置类
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(SpringConfig.class);
UserService userService = (UserService) context.getBean("userService");
userService.print();
}