垃圾收集算法

标记-清除

将存活的对象进行标记，然后清理掉未被标记的对象。

不足:

标记和清除过程效率都不高；
会产生大量不连续的内存碎片，导致无法给大对象分配内存。

标记-整理

让所有存活的对象都向一端移动，然后直接清理掉端边界以外的内存。

复制

将内存划分为大小相等的两块，每次只使用其中一块，当这一块内存用完了就将还存活的对象复制到另一块上面，然后再把使用过的内存空间进行一次清理。

主要不足是只使用了内存的一半。

分代收集策略

JDK1.8采用分代收集策略

$ java -XX:+PrintCommandLineFlags -version
...
UseParallelGC = Parallel Scavenge + Parallel Old
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分代收集是根据对象的存活时间把内存分为新生代和老年代，根据个代对象的存活特点，每个代采用不同的垃圾回收算法。新生代采用标记—复制算法，老年代采用标记—整理算法。

import java.util.UUID;

/**
 * @author 小怪兽
 * @version 1.0
 * @since 2022-11-15
 */
public class Jmap {

    private byte[] buffer = new byte[500*1024];
    private String h = UUID.randomUUID().toString();

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        int n = 100000;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            Jmap jmap = new Jmap();
            Thread.sleep(10);
        }
    }
}
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可以使用如下脚本监控jvm的内存使用情况

pid=`jps | grep Jmap | awk '{print $1}'`

echo PID: $pid
watch -n 2 -d "jmap -heap $pid"
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Every 2.0s: jmap -heap 25834                                                                                                         Tue Nov 15 23:31:43 2022

Attaching to process ID 25834, please wait...
Debugger attached successfully.
Server compiler detected.
JVM version is 25.202-b08

using thread-local object allocation.
Parallel GC with 13 thread(s)

Heap Configuration:
   MinHeapFreeRatio         = 0
   MaxHeapFreeRatio         = 100
   MaxHeapSize              = 16846422016 (16066.0MB)
   NewSize                  = 351272960 (335.0MB)
   MaxNewSize               = 5615124480 (5355.0MB)
   OldSize                  = 703594496 (671.0MB)
   NewRatio                 = 2
   SurvivorRatio            = 8
   MetaspaceSize            = 21807104 (20.796875MB)
   CompressedClassSpaceSize = 1073741824 (1024.0MB)
   MaxMetaspaceSize         = 17592186044415 MB
   G1HeapRegionSize         = 0 (0.0MB)

Heap Usage:
PS Young Generation
Eden Space:
   capacity = 264241152 (252.0MB)
   used     = 95229184 (90.817626953125MB)  
   free     = 169011968 (161.182373046875MB)  
   36.038740854414684% used
From Space:
   capacity = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   0.0% used
To Space:
   capacity = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   0.0% used
PS Old Generation
   capacity = 703594496 (671.0MB)
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 703594496 (671.0MB)
   0.0% used

1070 interned Strings occupying 78624 bytes.
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Heap Usage:
PS Young Generation
Eden Space:
   capacity = 264241152 (252.0MB)
   used     = 206210320 (196.65748596191406MB)
   free     = 58030832 (55.34251403808594MB)
   78.03868490552145% used
From Space:
   capacity = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   0.0% used
To Space:
   capacity = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   0.0% used
PS Old Generation
   capacity = 703594496 (671.0MB)
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 703594496 (671.0MB)
   0.0% used

1070 interned Strings occupying 78624 bytes.
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Heap Usage:
PS Young Generation
Eden Space:
   capacity = 264241152 (252.0MB)
   used     = 264241152 (252.0MB)             
   free     = 0 (0.0MB)                     
   100.0% used            
From Space:
   capacity = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   0.0% used
To Space:
   capacity = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   0.0% used
PS Old Generation
   capacity = 703594496 (671.0MB)
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 703594496 (671.0MB)
   0.0% used

1073 interned Strings occupying 78792 bytes.
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Heap Usage:
PS Young Generation
Eden Space:
   capacity = 264241152 (252.0MB)
   used     = 10466912 (9.982025146484375MB)
   free     = 253774240 (242.01797485351562MB)
   3.961121089874752% used
From Space:
   capacity = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   used     = 524320 (0.500030517578125MB)
   free     = 42991584 (40.999969482421875MB)
   1.204892813441265% used
To Space:
   capacity = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   0.0% used
PS Old Generation
   capacity = 703594496 (671.0MB)
   used     = 8192 (0.0078125MB)
   free     = 703586304 (670.9921875MB)
   0.0011643070044709389% used

1058 interned Strings occupying 77752 bytes.
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Heap Usage:
PS Young Generation
Eden Space:
   capacity = 264241152 (252.0MB)
   used     = 15956744 (15.217536926269531MB)
   free     = 248284408 (236.78246307373047MB)
   6.038705129472036% used 
From Space:
   capacity = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   used     = 425984 (0.40625MB)
   free     = 43089920 (41.09375MB)
   0.9789156626506024% used
To Space:
   capacity = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   0.0% used
PS Old Generation
   capacity = 703594496 (671.0MB)
   used     = 8192 (0.0078125MB)
   free     = 703586304 (670.9921875MB)
   0.0011643070044709389% used

1058 interned Strings occupying 77752 bytes.
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Heap Usage:
PS Young Generation
Eden Space:
   capacity = 257949696 (246.0MB)
   used     = 20690464 (19.731964111328125MB)
   free     = 237259232 (226.26803588867188MB)
   8.021123622491107% used
From Space:
   capacity = 524288 (0.5MB)
   used     = 442384 (0.4218902587890625MB)
   free     = 81904 (0.0781097412109375MB)
   84.3780517578125% used
To Space:
   capacity = 1048576 (1.0MB)
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 1048576 (1.0MB)
   0.0% used
PS Old Generation
   capacity = 703594496 (671.0MB)
   used     = 16384 (0.015625MB)
   free     = 703578112 (670.984375MB)
   0.0023286140089418777% used

1058 interned Strings occupying 77752 bytes.
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Heap Usage:
PS Young Generation
Eden Space:
   capacity = 257949696 (246.0MB)
   used     = 58366424 (55.662559509277344MB)
   free     = 199583272 (190.33744049072266MB)
   22.62705671108835% used
From Space:
   capacity = 43515904 (41.5MB)
   used     = 442384 (0.4218902587890625MB)
   free     = 43073520 (41.07810974121094MB)
   1.0166030332266567% used
To Space:
   capacity = 524288 (0.5MB)   
   used     = 0 (0.0MB)
   free     = 524288 (0.5MB)   
   0.0% used
PS Old Generation
   capacity = 703594496 (671.0MB)
   used     = 24576 (0.0234375MB)
   free     = 703569920 (670.9765625MB)
   0.003492921013412817% used 
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可以看出，创建新对象是总是在Eden区操作，随着不断new对象，Eden区内存使用不断上升，当Eden区空间使用达100%时会执行复制算法将对象复制到From区, 虽然From区的容量远小于Eden区但仍然使Eden的内存使用降到了0%，这是因为当Eden区满了之后会触发YoungGC（Minor GC）清理掉垃圾对象。

当再次触发YoungGC（Minor GC）并且From区满了之后会将存活对象复制到To区，就这样循环往复一定次数（默认15次）之后，存活的数据会复制到老年代（Old Generation）

当老年代的内存不足时会触发Old GC(Major GC)

从概念上讲Old GC(Major GC)指的是针对老年代的GC，Full GC指的是对整个堆空间的GC,不过也有说法是Major GC其实等价于Full GC，因为Major GC其实就是老年代空间不足，新生代的对象没法转移到老年代所以需要先对老年代GC，然后再对新生代GC，可以说Major GC的目的就是为了Minor GC，这其实就是Full GC了。

这里老年代空间不足指的探讨，不足指的是老年代空间使用100%还是超过了一定阈值？这个笔者尚没有看到相关定论，后续可以再深究。

参考资料

https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_40739833/article/details/80717638
https://blog.csdn.net/yanghenan19870513/article/details/115669223
https://pdai.tech/md/java/jvm/java-jvm-gc.html#full-gc-%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A6%E5%8F%91%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6
https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1830320
https://blog.csdn.net/mccand1234/article/details/52078645

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原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/lymboy/article/details/127868828