Docker build: Build an image from a Dockerfile.
按照Dockerfile文件所定义内容创建临时性容器,把Docker中所定义的每行命令在临时容器中执行,然后生成镜像分层,所有命令执行结束后,生成一个新的镜像,中间过程为commit。
一行命令就是一个分层,一行命令多条命令就涉及到镜像优化。
一次一次的commit执行情况就是pause暂停打包、暂停打包、暂停打包……的过程。
Docker build执行的Dockerfile文件,执行的却是docker commit操作。
Dockerfile原理:在Dockerfile定义所要执行的命令,使用docker build创建镜像,过程中会按照Dockerfile所定义的内容打开临时性容器(使用docker commit容器),把Dockerfile文件中的命令全部执行完毕,就得到一个容器应用镜像。
执行的命令越多,最终得到的容器应用镜像越大,所以要做优化。
Dockerfile关键字:
1、FROM:指定基础镜像;
2、MAINTAINER: 用来指定镜像创建者;
3、RUN:运行命令;
4、CMD:设置container启动时执行的操作;(如果容器镜像有此命令,启动容器时不要手动再让容器执行其他的命令。)
5、ENTRYPOINT:设置Container启动时执行的操作;
6、USER:设置容器中的用户;
7、EXPOSE:指定容器需要映射到宿主机的端口;
8、ENV:设置环境变量;
9、ADD:从宿主机的src复制文件到container的dest路径;
10、VOLUME:指定挂载点;
11、WORKDIR: 在子镜像中执行工作路径切换;
12、ONBUILD:
这些关键字都是要理解的。
1、示例:
目的: 通过Dockerfile创建一个可以在启动容器时就直接启动httpd应用的镜像。
步骤:
1、创建一个文件夹(目录),用于存储Dockerfile所使用的文件;
2、在此目录中创建Dockerfile文件及制作镜像所使用的文件,比如网站的首页,启动apache启动的脚本;
3、在此目录中,使用docker build创建镜像,读取Dockerfile文件;
4、验证:使用创建的镜像启动容器。
过程:
第一步:创建test目录:
mkdir test
第二步:进入目录并创建用于启动httpd的脚本文件:
- cd test
-
- vim run-httpd.sh
-
- #!/bin/bash
- rm -rf /run/httpd/*
- exec /usr/sbin/httpd -D FOREGROUND
第三步:创建用于测试httpd是否可用的index.html:
- vim index.html
-
- It's work!
第四步:创建Dockerfile:
- FROM centos:7
- MAINTAINER "chang_chunhua@qq.com"
- RUN yum clean all && yum install -y httpd
- ADD run-httpd.sh /run-httpd.sh
- RUN chmod -v +x /run-httpd.sh
- ADD index.html /var/www/html
- EXPOSE 80
- WORKDIR /
- CMD ["/bin/bash","run-httpd.sh"]
说明:centos:8已经停服。
第五步:使用docker build创建容器应用镜像,镜像名称为centos-base-httpd,版本为v1。
- [root@vm1 test]# docker build -t centos-base-httpd:v1 .
- Sending build context to Docker daemon 4.096kB
- Step 1/9 : FROM centos:7
- 7: Pulling from library/centos
- 2d473b07cdd5: Pull complete
- Digest: sha256:9d4bcbbb213dfd745b58be38b13b996ebb5ac315fe75711bd618426a630e0987
- Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:7
- ---> eeb6ee3f44bd
- Step 2/9 : MAINTAINER "chang_chunhua@qq.com"
- ---> Running in c26b1ca650a4
- Removing intermediate container c26b1ca650a4
- ---> e796b74765c8
- Step 3/9 : RUN yum clean all && yum install -y httpd
- ---> Running in 13bb29923568
- Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, ovl
- Cleaning repos: base extras updates
- Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, ovl
- Determining fastest mirrors
- * base: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
- * extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
- * updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
- Resolving Dependencies
- --> Running transaction check
- ---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5 will be installed
- --> Processing Dependency: httpd-tools = 2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5 for package: httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5.x86_64
- --> Processing Dependency: system-logos >= 7.92.1-1 for package: httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5.x86_64
- --> Processing Dependency: /etc/mime.types for package: httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5.x86_64
- --> Processing Dependency: libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5.x86_64
- --> Processing Dependency: libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5.x86_64
- --> Running transaction check
- ---> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-7.el7 will be installed
- ---> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7 will be installed
- ---> Package centos-logos.noarch 0:70.0.6-3.el7.centos will be installed
- ---> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5 will be installed
- ---> Package mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7 will be installed
- --> Finished Dependency Resolution
-
- Dependencies Resolved
-
- ================================================================================
- Package Arch Version Repository Size
- ================================================================================
- Installing:
- httpd x86_64 2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5 updates 2.7 M
- Installing for dependencies:
- apr x86_64 1.4.8-7.el7 base 104 k
- apr-util x86_64 1.5.2-6.el7 base 92 k
- centos-logos noarch 70.0.6-3.el7.centos base 21 M
- httpd-tools x86_64 2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5 updates 94 k
- mailcap noarch 2.1.41-2.el7 base 31 k
-
- Transaction Summary
- ================================================================================
- Install 1 Package (+5 Dependent packages)
-
- Total download size: 24 M
- Installed size: 32 M
- Downloading packages:
- Public key for apr-1.4.8-7.el7.x86_64.rpm is not installed
- warning: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/apr-1.4.8-7.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY
- Public key for httpd-tools-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5.x86_64.rpm is not installed
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Total 1.7 MB/s | 24 MB 00:14
- Retrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
- Importing GPG key 0xF4A80EB5:
- Userid : "CentOS-7 Key (CentOS 7 Official Signing Key)
" - Fingerprint: 6341 ab27 53d7 8a78 a7c2 7bb1 24c6 a8a7 f4a8 0eb5
- Package : centos-release-7-9.2009.0.el7.centos.x86_64 (@CentOS)
- From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
- Running transaction check
- Running transaction test
- Transaction test succeeded
- Running transaction
- Installing : apr-1.4.8-7.el7.x86_64 1/6
- Installing : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64 2/6
- Installing : httpd-tools-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5.x86_64 3/6
- Installing : centos-logos-70.0.6-3.el7.centos.noarch 4/6
- Installing : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch 5/6
- Installing : httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5.x86_64 6/6
- Verifying : httpd-tools-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5.x86_64 1/6
- Verifying : mailcap-2.1.41-2.el7.noarch 2/6
- Verifying : apr-1.4.8-7.el7.x86_64 3/6
- Verifying : apr-util-1.5.2-6.el7.x86_64 4/6
- Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5.x86_64 5/6
- Verifying : centos-logos-70.0.6-3.el7.centos.noarch 6/6
-
- Installed:
- httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5
-
- Dependency Installed:
- apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-7.el7
- apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7
- centos-logos.noarch 0:70.0.6-3.el7.centos
- httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5
- mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7
-
- Complete!
- Removing intermediate container 13bb29923568
- ---> c1b6b195b759
- Step 4/9 : ADD run-httpd.sh /run-httpd.sh
- ---> 1f85b533d455
- Step 5/9 : RUN chmod -v +x /run-httpd.sh
- ---> Running in bd3ef63efe8a
- mode of '/run-httpd.sh' changed from 0644 (rw-r--r--) to 0755 (rwxr-xr-x)
- Removing intermediate container bd3ef63efe8a
- ---> 938f5dcddad5
- Step 6/9 : ADD index.html /var/www/html
- ---> 026c49eb2266
- Step 7/9 : EXPOSE 80
- ---> Running in bb9b4ff22bf7
- Removing intermediate container bb9b4ff22bf7
- ---> 50c117e5c73b
- Step 8/9 : WORKDIR /
- ---> Running in ef989d3ca39b
- Removing intermediate container ef989d3ca39b
- ---> e12ce12352d9
- Step 9/9 : CMD ["/bin/bash","run-httpd.sh"]
- ---> Running in 94f40a65dbe4
- Removing intermediate container 94f40a65dbe4
- ---> 62581b44dd05
- Successfully built 62581b44dd05
- Successfully tagged centos-base-httpd:v1
第六步:验证,使用上述创建的镜像启动容器:
docker run -d centos-base-httpd:v1
使用docker run --help 查看-d命令的意思:
-d:Run container in background and print container ID。
另外需要注意的是后面不再需要如/bin/bash的命令了,因为/bin/bash的命令比CMD命令优先级要高。
验证容器及httpd是否可用:
- docker inspect 6a6 # 查看容器的IP地址
-
- curl http://172.17.0.11
- It's working!
案例二:把nginx容器化:
1)要求通过基础镜像做nginx应用镜像;
2)使用nginx应用镜像启动容器的时候,nginx要求启动;
3)验证nginx服务是否启动。
第一步:创建一个目录:
- mkdir nginxtest
-
- cd nginxtest
第二步:创建测试文件:
- [root@localhost nginxtest]# echo 'nginx s running!!!' >> index.html
- [root@localhost nginxtest]# ls
- index.html
第三步:创建Dockerfile文件:
- FROM centos:7
-
- MAINTAINER "chang_chunhua@qq.com"
-
- RUN yum clean all && yum install -y yum-plugin-ovl && yum -y install epel-release
-
- RUN yum -y install nginx
-
- ADD index.html /usr/share/nginx/html/
-
- RUN echo "daemon off;" >> /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
-
- EXPOSE 80
-
- CMD /usr/sbin/nginx
第四步:使用docker build命令创建nginx镜像:
docker build -t centos-nginx:v1 .