Java 面试题 —— 请你介绍一下 Java 的线程池

请你介绍一下 Java 的线程池

1、介绍

​  线程池（thread pool）：一种线程使用模式。线程过多会带来调度开销，进而影响缓存局部性和整体性能，而线程池维护着多个线程，等待着监督管理者分配可并发执行的任务，这避免了在处理短时间任务时创建与销毁线程的代价（线程池不仅能够保证内核的充分利用，还能防止过分调度）。

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补充：Java 线程池 的实现方式

• 基于 生产者-消费者 模式
  • 生产者：线程池的调用者
  • 消费者：线程池中的工作线程
  • 中间容器：阻塞队列

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2、常用线程池

​  JUC 包下的 Executors 类（线程池工厂类）提供了以下四种常用线程池：

• FixedThreadPool：固定线程池，核心（或非核心）线程数作为参数传入；
• CachedThreadPool：缓存线程池，核心线程为 0，非核心线程为 Integer.MAX_VALUE；
• ScheduledThreadPool：调度线程池，核心线程数作为参数传入，非核心线程为 Integer.MAX_VALUE，用于定时任务；
• SingleThreadExecutor：单线程执行器，核心（或非核心）线程数为 1 。

2.1、FixedThreadPool

public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
    }
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2.2、CachedThreadPool

public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
    return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                  60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                  new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
}
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2.3、ScheduledThreadPool

public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
    return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
}

public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize) {
    super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
          DEFAULT_KEEPALIVE_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS,
          new DelayedWorkQueue());
}
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2.4、SingleThreadExecutor

public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
    return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
        (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
}
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2.5、ThreadPoolExecutor（线程池的底层类）

主要参数：

• corePoolSize：核心线程数；
• maximumPoolSize：最大线程数；
• keepAliveTime：空闲线程（非核心）的存活时间；
• RejectedExecutionHandler：拒绝策略（ThreadPoolExecutor 的内部类）。
  • AbortPolicy：丢弃被拒绝的任务，并抛出 RejectedExecutionException 异常；
  • DiscardPolicy：丢弃被拒绝的任务，不抛异常；
  • DiscardOldestPolicy：丢弃工作队列中最旧的未处理任务，然后将被拒绝的任务添加到工作队列中；
  • CallerRunsPolicy：被拒绝的任务直接在主线程中运行，不再进入线程池。

public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                          int maximumPoolSize,
                          long keepAliveTime,
                          TimeUnit unit,
                          BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue) {
    this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
         Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), defaultHandler);
}

public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                          int maximumPoolSize,
                          long keepAliveTime,
                          TimeUnit unit,
                          BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
                          ThreadFactory threadFactory,
                          RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
    if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
        maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
        maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
        keepAliveTime < 0)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
        throw new NullPointerException();
    this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
    this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
    this.workQueue = workQueue;
    this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
    this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
    this.handler = handler;
}
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拒绝策略类：

    /* Predefined RejectedExecutionHandlers */

    /**
     * A handler for rejected tasks that runs the rejected task
     * directly in the calling thread of the {@code execute} method,
     * unless the executor has been shut down, in which case the task
     * is discarded.
     */
    public static class CallerRunsPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
        /**
         * Creates a {@code CallerRunsPolicy}.
         */
        public CallerRunsPolicy() { }

        /**
         * Executes task r in the caller's thread, unless the executor
         * has been shut down, in which case the task is discarded.
         *
         * @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
         * @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
         */
        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
            if (!e.isShutdown()) {
                r.run();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * A handler for rejected tasks that throws a
     * {@link RejectedExecutionException}.
     *
     * This is the default handler for {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} and
     * {@link ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor}.
     */
    public static class AbortPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
        /**
         * Creates an {@code AbortPolicy}.
         */
        public AbortPolicy() { }

        /**
         * Always throws RejectedExecutionException.
         *
         * @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
         * @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
         * @throws RejectedExecutionException always
         */
        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
            throw new RejectedExecutionException("Task " + r.toString() +
                                                 " rejected from " +
                                                 e.toString());
        }
    }

    /**
     * A handler for rejected tasks that silently discards the
     * rejected task.
     */
    public static class DiscardPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
        /**
         * Creates a {@code DiscardPolicy}.
         */
        public DiscardPolicy() { }

        /**
         * Does nothing, which has the effect of discarding task r.
         *
         * @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
         * @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
         */
        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
        }
    }

    /**
     * A handler for rejected tasks that discards the oldest unhandled
     * request and then retries {@code execute}, unless the executor
     * is shut down, in which case the task is discarded.
     */
    public static class DiscardOldestPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
        /**
         * Creates a {@code DiscardOldestPolicy} for the given executor.
         */
        public DiscardOldestPolicy() { }

        /**
         * Obtains and ignores the next task that the executor
         * would otherwise execute, if one is immediately available,
         * and then retries execution of task r, unless the executor
         * is shut down, in which case task r is instead discarded.
         *
         * @param r the runnable task requested to be executed
         * @param e the executor attempting to execute this task
         */
        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
            if (!e.isShutdown()) {
                e.getQueue().poll();
                e.execute(r);
            }
        }
    }
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