Handler

Handler是Android中提供的一种异步回调机制，也可以理解为线程间的消息机制。为了避免ANR,我们通常会把一些耗时操作（比如：网络请求、I/O操作、复杂计算等）放到子线程中去执行，而当子线程需要修改UI时则子线程需要通知主线程去完成修改UI的操作，则此时就需要我们使用Handler机制来完成子线程与主线程之间的通信。

尽管Message的构造器是公开的，但是获取Message对象的最好方法是调用Message.obtain()或者Handler.obtainMessage(), 这样是从一个可回收对象池中获取Message对象。

这两种方式都比直接new一个Message对象在性能上更优越.

handler的构造方法

Handler mHandler = new Handler();

@Deprecated
    public Handler() {
        this(null, false);
    }

获取当前Handler实例所在线程的Looper对象：mLooper = Looper.myLooper()
如果Looper不为空，则获取Looper的消息队列，赋值给Handler的成员变量mQueue：mQueue = mLooper.mQueue
可以设置Callback 来处理消息回调：mCallback = callback

Handler是消息的处理者，但是它并不是最终处理消息的那个大佬，它有且只能有一个上级领导，就是Looper，Handler是将消息上报给Looper（领导），然后排队等待，等Looper（领导）处理完消息了，就会通知Handler去领取消息，给Handler分配任务，Handler拿到消息后在自行往下分发，Handler只能听命与Looper（领导）。

public Handler(@Nullable Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }
 
        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();//获取Looper
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread " + Thread.currentThread()
                        + " that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;//获取MessageQuene
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

 使用

 Handler mHandler = new Handler(){
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(@NonNull Message msg) {
            super.handleMessage(msg);
        }
    };

1、拿到mHandler所在线程的Looper，当前mHandler是在Activity中创建的，很明显，当前的线程就是主线程，所以 mHandler的成员变量mLooper = Looper.myLooper()，此处就已经将当前的主线程Looper赋值过去了。
2、紧接着，判断mLooper 是否为空，明显不为空，所以又会将主线程的消息队列赋值给mQueue。告诉Handler，你要是有消息，就送到这个消息队列中来，我（Looper）会一个个按顺序处理，处理完后我就会告诉你，你再处理。

Handler只能绑定一个线程的Looper；

Handler的消息是发送给Looper的消息队列MessageQueue，需要排队处理；

handler的sendMessage方法 

public boolean sendMessageAtTime(@NonNull Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;//获得当前的消息队列
        if (queue == null) { //若是在创建Handler时没有指定Looper，就不会有对应的消息队列queue ，自然就会为null
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

    private boolean enqueueMessage(@NonNull MessageQueue queue, @NonNull Message msg,
            long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        msg.workSourceUid = ThreadLocalWorkSource.getUid();
 
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

msg.target = this
在发送消息到消息队列之前，明确的指定了消息的target为当前的Handler，以便于在后面Looper分发消息时用到。
queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis)
然后调用了消息队列的enqueueMessage（）方法，并传递了两个参数，一个Message，一个是long型的时间。

Handler dispatchMessage（）方法

消息发送后，交给Looper等待处理，处理完后会重新通知Handler处理，那么，是怎样通知Handler处理消息的呢？秘密就在dispatchMessage（）这个方法中

public void dispatchMessage(@NonNull Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

 

当Looper处理完Message后，会使用到Message的target，即上面说到的target，即发送消息的那个Handler，Looper会调用Handler的dispatchMessage（）方法分发消息，所以前面在enqueueMessage（）发送消息的时候，为什么非得指明Message的target就是这个道理。

回到dispatchMessage（）这个方法：
1、首先会判断Message的callback是否为空，此处的callback就是前面我们在Message中说到的，在静态方法创建Message时，可以指定的callback，若不为空，则将结果回调到callback中；
2、若Handler的mCallback 不为空，也一样的道理。
3、平时我们都没有传入这个callback，而是直接实现handleMessage（）这个方法，在这个方法中处理更新UI任务。

以上就是Handler发送和接收消息的基本过程：把消息发送到队列—>然后等待—>接收消息—>分发消息—>在回调中处理。

MessageQueue

Handler发送消息会调用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage（）方法

    boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) { //判断msg的所属Handler
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
 
        synchronized (this) {//因为是队列，有先后之分，所以用了同步机制
            if (msg.isInUse()) {
                throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
            }
 
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }
 
            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            //若队列为空，或者等待时间为0，或者比前面那位的等待时间要短，就插队
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                //此处for循环是为了取出一个空的或者when比当前Message长的一个消息，然后进行插入
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }
 
            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

以上就是消息队列插入消息的过程原理，通过单向链表的数据结构来存储消息。既然有了插入消息的方法供Handler插入消息，那么应该有对应的取出消息的方法，供Looper调用取出消息处理，它就是Message.next这个变量（结点）

Looper

Looper在Handler机制中扮演着关键的一环，他是循环处理消息的发动机，永不停息（永动鸡），它不断的从消息队列中取出的消息，处理，然后分发处理事件。每个线程都可以且只能绑定一个Looper。主线程之所以能处理消息，也是因为在APP启动时，在ActivityThread中的main（）方法中就已经启动了Looper循环。
 

    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper(); //获得当前的Looper
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        if (me.mInLoop) {
            Slog.w(TAG, "Loop again would have the queued messages be executed"
                    + " before this one completed.");
        }
 
        me.mInLoop = true;
 
        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
 
        // Allow overriding a threshold with a system prop. e.g.
        // adb shell 'setprop log.looper.1000.main.slow 1 && stop && start'
        final int thresholdOverride =
                SystemProperties.getInt("log.looper."
                        + Process.myUid() + "."
                        + Thread.currentThread().getName()
                        + ".slow", 0);
 
        me.mSlowDeliveryDetected = false;
 
        for (;;) {
            if (!loopOnce(me, ident, thresholdOverride)) {
                return;
            }
        }
    }

    private static boolean loopOnce(final Looper me,
            final long ident, final int thresholdOverride) {
        Message msg = me.mQueue.next(); // might block //取出队头的消息
        if (msg == null) {
            // 如果消息为空，则跳过，继续执行下一个message
            // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
            return false;
        }
 
        // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
        final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
        if (logging != null) {
            logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " "
                    + msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
        }
        // Make sure the observer won't change while processing a transaction.
        final Observer observer = sObserver;
 
        final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
        long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;
        long slowDeliveryThresholdMs = me.mSlowDeliveryThresholdMs;
        if (thresholdOverride > 0) {
            slowDispatchThresholdMs = thresholdOverride;
            slowDeliveryThresholdMs = thresholdOverride;
        }
        final boolean logSlowDelivery = (slowDeliveryThresholdMs > 0) && (msg.when > 0);
        final boolean logSlowDispatch = (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0);
 
        final boolean needStartTime = logSlowDelivery || logSlowDispatch;
        final boolean needEndTime = logSlowDispatch;
 
        if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
            Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
        }
 
        final long dispatchStart = needStartTime ? SystemClock.uptimeMillis() : 0;
        final long dispatchEnd;
        Object token = null;
        if (observer != null) {
            token = observer.messageDispatchStarting();
        }
        long origWorkSource = ThreadLocalWorkSource.setUid(msg.workSourceUid);
        try {
            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
            if (observer != null) {
                observer.messageDispatched(token, msg);
            }
            dispatchEnd = needEndTime ? SystemClock.uptimeMillis() : 0;
        } catch (Exception exception) {
            if (observer != null) {
                observer.dispatchingThrewException(token, msg, exception);
            }
            throw exception;
        } finally {
            ThreadLocalWorkSource.restore(origWorkSource);
            if (traceTag != 0) {
                Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
            }
        }
        if (logSlowDelivery) {
            if (me.mSlowDeliveryDetected) {
                if ((dispatchStart - msg.when) <= 10) {
                    Slog.w(TAG, "Drained");
                    me.mSlowDeliveryDetected = false;
                }
            } else {
                if (showSlowLog(slowDeliveryThresholdMs, msg.when, dispatchStart, "delivery",
                        msg)) {
                    // Once we write a slow delivery log, suppress until the queue drains.
                    me.mSlowDeliveryDetected = true;
                }
            }
        }
        if (logSlowDispatch) {
            showSlowLog(slowDispatchThresholdMs, dispatchStart, dispatchEnd, "dispatch", msg);
        }
 
        if (logging != null) {
            logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
        }
 
        // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
        // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
        final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        if (ident != newIdent) {
            Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                    + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                    + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                    + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                    + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
        }
        //回收可能正在使用的消息
        msg.recycleUnchecked();
 
        return true;
    }

Looper的处理消息的循环还是挺简单的，就是拿出消息，然后分发，然后回收