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《Go Web 编程》之第8章 应用测试
第8章 应用测试
8.1 Go与测试
//包 testing //工具 go test //文件 *_test.go //函数 func TestXxx(t *testing.T) { //方法 t.Error t.Fail t.Skip }- 1
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8.2 单元测试
单元（unit），模块化部分，函数或方法。
单元测试已测试套件（test suite）形式运行，验证特定行为而创建的单元测试用例集合。post.json
{ "id" : 1, "content" : "Hello World!", "author" : { "id" : 2, "name" : "Sau Sheong" }, "comments" : [ { "id" : 1, "content" : "Have a great day!", "author" : "Adam" }, { "id" : 2, "content" : "How are you today?", "author" : "Betty" } ] }- 1
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main.go
package main import ( "encoding/json" "fmt" "os" ) type Post struct { Id int `json:"id"` Content string `json:"content"` Author Author `json:"author"` Comments []Comment `json:"comments"` } type Author struct { Id int `json:"id"` Name string `json:"name"` } type Comment struct { Id int `json:"id"` Content string `json:"content"` Author string `json:"author"` } // decode JSON from file to struct func decode(filename string) (post Post, err error) { jsonFile, err := os.Open(filename) if err != nil { fmt.Println("Error opening JSON file:", err) return } defer jsonFile.Close() decoder := json.NewDecoder(jsonFile) err = decoder.Decode(&post) if err != nil { fmt.Println("Error decoding JSON:", err) return } return } func main() { _, err := decode("post.json") if err != nil { fmt.Println("Error:", err) } }- 1
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main_test.go
package main import ( "testing" ) // Test the decode function func TestDecode(t *testing.T) { post, err := decode("post.json") if err != nil { t.Error(err) } if post.Id != 1 { t.Error("Post ID is not the same as post.json", post.Id) } if post.Content != "Hello World!" { t.Error("Post content is not the same as post.json", post.Id) } } // Test the encode function func TestEncode(t *testing.T) { t.Skip("Skipping encoding for now") }- 1
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testing.T常用函数：
- Log，类似fmt.Println；
- Logf，类似fmt.Printf；
- Fail，标记失败，测序函数继续执行；
- FailNow，标记失败，测序函数停止执行；
- Error=Log+Fail
- Errorf=Logf+Fail
- Fatal=Log+FailNow
- Fatalf=Logf+FailNow
go test go test -v -cover -v 具体（verbose）标志，更详细的信息 -cover 覆盖率标志- 1
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8.2.1 跳过测试用例
测试驱动开发（test-driven development，TDD）时，测试用例持续失败，直到函数真正地实现，Skip函数可暂时跳过指定的测试用例和耗时的测试用例（完整性检查时，sanity check）。
短暂标志-short会根据用户编写测试代码的方式，跳过测试部分或全部。
func TestLongRunningTest(t *testing.T) { if testing.Short() { //加了-short标志为真 t.Skip("Skipping long-running test in short mode") } time.Sleep(10*time.Second) } go test -short- 1
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8.2.2 并行测试
若单元测试可独立进行，可并行提高测试速度。
parallel_test.go
package main import ( "testing" "time" ) func TestParallel_1(t *testing.T) { t.Parallel() time.Sleep(1 * time.Second) } func TestParallel_2(t *testing.T) { t.Parallel() time.Sleep(2 * time.Second) } func TestParallel_3(t *testing.T) { t.Parallel() time.Sleep(3 * time.Second) }- 1
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go test -v parallel_test.go go test -v parallel_test.go -parallel 3 //-parallel 3 //最多并行运行3各测试用例- 1
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8.2.3 基准测试
testing包支持两种类型测试：
- 检验程序功能性的功能测试（functional testing）；
- 查明任务单元性能的基准测试（benchmarking）。
func BenchmarkXxx(*testing.B){ ... }- 1
package main import ( "testing" ) func BenchmarkDecode(b *testing.B) { for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ { //b.N根据代码而改变 decode("post.json") } }- 1
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go test -v -cover -short -bench . //-bench，执行基准测试 //正则表达式.匹配所有基准测试文件 //功能测试+基准测试- 1
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go test -run x -bench . //基准测试（+名字为x的功能测试）- 1
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func unmarshal(filename string) (post Post, err error) { jsonFile, err := os.Open(filename) if err != nil { fmt.Println("Error opening JSON file:", err) return } defer jsonFile.Close() jsonData, err := ioutil.ReadAll(jsonFile) if err != nil { fmt.Println("Error reading JSON data:", err) return } json.Unmarshal(jsonData, &post) return }- 1
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func BenchmarkUnmarshal(b *testing.B) { for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ { unmarshal("post.json") } }- 1
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go test -run -x -bench .- 1
8.3 HTTP测试
testing/httptest包可发送HTTP请求，获取HTTP响应。
httptest包进行HTTP测试的具体步骤：
（1）创建多路复用器；mux := http.NewServerMux()- 1
（2）多路复用器绑定测试的处理器；
mux.HandleFunc("/post/", handleRequest)- 1
（3）创建记录器；
writer := httptest.NewRecorder()- 1
（4）创建请求；
json := strings.NewReader(`{"content":"Updated post","author":"Sau Sheong"}`) request, _ := http.NewRequest("PUT", "/post/1", json)- 1
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（5）发送请求，响应写入记录器；
mux.ServeHTTP(writer, request)- 1
（6）检查记录器中响应结果。
if writer.Code != 200 { t.Errorf("Response code is %v", writer.Code) }- 1
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setup.sql
drop table if exists posts; create table posts ( id serial primary key, content text, author varchar(255) );- 1
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sql.txt
psql -h localhost -p 5433 -U gwp -d gwp -f setup.sql- 1
data.go
package main import ( "database/sql" _ "github.com/lib/pq" ) var Db *sql.DB // connect to the Db func init() { var err error Db, err = sql.Open("postgres", "port=5433 user=gwp dbname=gwp password=gwp sslmode=disable") if err != nil { panic(err) } //插入记录，用于测试 post := &Post{Content: "test", Author: "mali"} post.create() } // Get a single post func retrieve(id int) (post Post, err error) { err = Db.QueryRow("select id, content, author from posts where id = $1", id).Scan(&post.Id, &post.Content, &post.Author) return } // Create a new post func (post *Post) create() (err error) { statement := "insert into posts (content, author) values ($1, $2) returning id" stmt, err := Db.Prepare(statement) if err != nil { return } defer stmt.Close() err = stmt.QueryRow(post.Content, post.Author).Scan(&post.Id) return } // Update a post func (post *Post) update() (err error) { _, err = Db.Exec("update posts set content = $2, author = $3 where id = $1", post.Id, post.Content, post.Author) return } // Delete a post func (post *Post) delete() (err error) { _, err = Db.Exec("delete from posts where id = $1", post.Id) return }- 1
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server.go
package main import ( "encoding/json" "net/http" "path" "strconv" ) type Post struct { Id int `json:"id"` Content string `json:"content"` Author string `json:"author"` } func main() { server := http.Server{ Addr: "127.0.0.1:8080", } http.HandleFunc("/post/", handleRequest) server.ListenAndServe() } // main handler function func handleRequest(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { var err error switch r.Method { case "GET": err = handleGet(w, r) case "POST": err = handlePost(w, r) case "PUT": err = handlePut(w, r) case "DELETE": err = handleDelete(w, r) } if err != nil { http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError) return } } // Retrieve a post // GET /post/1 func handleGet(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (err error) { id, err := strconv.Atoi(path.Base(r.URL.Path)) if err != nil { return } post, err := retrieve(id) if err != nil { return } output, err := json.MarshalIndent(&post, "", "\t\t") if err != nil { return } w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json") w.Write(output) return } // Create a post // POST /post/ func handlePost(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (err error) { len := r.ContentLength body := make([]byte, len) r.Body.Read(body) var post Post json.Unmarshal(body, &post) err = post.create() if err != nil { return } w.WriteHeader(200) return } // Update a post // PUT /post/1 func handlePut(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (err error) { id, err := strconv.Atoi(path.Base(r.URL.Path)) if err != nil { return } post, err := retrieve(id) if err != nil { return } len := r.ContentLength body := make([]byte, len) r.Body.Read(body) json.Unmarshal(body, &post) err = post.update() if err != nil { return } w.WriteHeader(200) return } // Delete a post // DELETE /post/1 func handleDelete(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (err error) { id, err := strconv.Atoi(path.Base(r.URL.Path)) if err != nil { return } post, err := retrieve(id) if err != nil { return } err = post.delete() if err != nil { return } w.WriteHeader(200) return }- 1
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server_test.go
package main import ( "encoding/json" "net/http" "net/http/httptest" "strings" "testing" ) func TestHandleGet(t *testing.T) { mux := http.NewServeMux() mux.HandleFunc("/post/", handleRequest) writer := httptest.NewRecorder() request, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/post/1", nil) mux.ServeHTTP(writer, request) if writer.Code != 200 { t.Errorf("Response code is %v", writer.Code) } var post Post json.Unmarshal(writer.Body.Bytes(), &post) if post.Id != 1 { t.Errorf("Cannot retrieve JSON post") } } func TestHandlePut(t *testing.T) { mux := http.NewServeMux() mux.HandleFunc("/post/", handleRequest) writer := httptest.NewRecorder() json := strings.NewReader(`{"content":"Updated post","author":"Sau Sheong"}`) request, _ := http.NewRequest("PUT", "/post/1", json) mux.ServeHTTP(writer, request) if writer.Code != 200 { t.Errorf("Response code is %v", writer.Code) } }- 1
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package main import ( "encoding/json" "net/http" "net/http/httptest" "os" "strings" "testing" ) var mux *http.ServeMux var writer *httptest.ResponseRecorder //setUp()和tearDown()在整个测试过程中只执行一次 //所有测试用例执行前后执行 //m.Run()调用所有测试用例 func TestMain(m *testing.M) { setUp() //预设（setup）操作 code := m.Run() tearDown() //拆卸（teardown）操作 os.Exit(code) } func setUp() { mux = http.NewServeMux() mux.HandleFunc("/post/", handleRequest) writer = httptest.NewRecorder() } func tearDown() { } func TestHandleGet(t *testing.T) { request, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/post/1", nil) mux.ServeHTTP(writer, request) if writer.Code != 200 { t.Errorf("Response code is %v", writer.Code) } var post Post json.Unmarshal(writer.Body.Bytes(), &post) if post.Id != 1 { t.Errorf("Cannot retrieve JSON post") } } func TestHandlePut(t *testing.T) { json := strings.NewReader(`{"content":"Updated post","author":"Sau Sheong"}`) request, _ := http.NewRequest("PUT", "/post/1", json) mux.ServeHTTP(writer, request) if writer.Code != 200 { t.Errorf("Response code is %v", writer.Code) } }- 1
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测试
go test . go run server.go data.go curl -i http://127.0.0.1:8080/post/1- 1
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8.4 测试替身以及依赖注入
测试替身（test double），模拟测试不方便使用的实际对象、结构或者函数。提高被测试代码的独立性，自动单元测试环境里常使用。
模拟邮件发送（并不真正发送邮件）或移除单元测试中对真实数据库的依赖，都需要创建测试替身。
可用依赖注入（dependency injection）设计模式实现测试替身，通过向被调用的对象、结构或者函数传入依赖关系（Go中通常是interface），然后由依赖关系代替被调用者执行实际的操作，依此来解耦软件中的多层（layer）。
handleRequest和handleGet依赖retrieve函数，后者最终依赖sql.DB，需要移除sql.DB的依赖（避免直接依赖）。
将sql.DB包含在Post结构体（实现了Text接口）中，然后通过接口Text传递到函数调用流程里，所有调用流程里都未直接依赖sql.DB。
data.go
package main import ( "database/sql" _ "github.com/lib/pq" ) type Text interface { fetch(id int) (err error) create() (err error) update() (err error) delete() (err error) } type Post struct { Db *sql.DB Id int `json:"id"` Content string `json:"content"` Author string `json:"author"` } // Get a single post func (post *Post) fetch(id int) (err error) { err = post.Db.QueryRow("select id, content, author from posts where id = $1", id).Scan(&post.Id, &post.Content, &post.Author) return } // Create a new post func (post *Post) create() (err error) { statement := "insert into posts (content, author) values ($1, $2) returning id" stmt, err := post.Db.Prepare(statement) if err != nil { return } defer stmt.Close() err = stmt.QueryRow(post.Content, post.Author).Scan(&post.Id) return } // Update a post func (post *Post) update() (err error) { _, err = post.Db.Exec("update posts set content = $2, author = $3 where id = $1", post.Id, post.Content, post.Author) return } // Delete a post func (post *Post) delete() (err error) { _, err = post.Db.Exec("delete from posts where id = $1", post.Id) return }- 1
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server.go
package main import ( "database/sql" "encoding/json" _ "github.com/lib/pq" "net/http" "path" "strconv" ) func main() { // connect to the Db var err error db, err := sql.Open("postgres", "port=5433 user=gwp dbname=gwp password=gwp sslmode=disable") if err != nil { panic(err) } server := http.Server{ Addr: "127.0.0.1:8080", } http.HandleFunc("/post/", handleRequest(&Post{Db: db})) server.ListenAndServe() } // main handler function func handleRequest(t Text) http.HandlerFunc { return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { var err error switch r.Method { case "GET": err = handleGet(w, r, t) case "POST": err = handlePost(w, r, t) case "PUT": err = handlePut(w, r, t) case "DELETE": err = handleDelete(w, r, t) } if err != nil { http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError) return } } } // Retrieve a post // GET /post/1 func handleGet(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, post Text) (err error) { id, err := strconv.Atoi(path.Base(r.URL.Path)) if err != nil { return } err = post.fetch(id) if err != nil { return } output, err := json.MarshalIndent(post, "", "\t\t") if err != nil { return } w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json") w.Write(output) return } // Create a post // POST /post/ func handlePost(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, post Text) (err error) { len := r.ContentLength body := make([]byte, len) r.Body.Read(body) json.Unmarshal(body, post) err = post.create() if err != nil { return } w.WriteHeader(200) return } // Update a post // PUT /post/1 func handlePut(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, post Text) (err error) { id, err := strconv.Atoi(path.Base(r.URL.Path)) if err != nil { return } err = post.fetch(id) if err != nil { return } len := r.ContentLength body := make([]byte, len) r.Body.Read(body) json.Unmarshal(body, post) err = post.update() if err != nil { return } w.WriteHeader(200) return } // Delete a post // DELETE /post/1 func handleDelete(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, post Text) (err error) { id, err := strconv.Atoi(path.Base(r.URL.Path)) if err != nil { return } err = post.fetch(id) if err != nil { return } err = post.delete() if err != nil { return } w.WriteHeader(200) return }- 1
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go run server.go data.go- 1
double.go
package main type FakePost struct { Id int Content string Author string } func (post *FakePost) fetch(id int) (err error) { post.Id = id return } func (post *FakePost) create() (err error) { return } func (post *FakePost) update() (err error) { return } func (post *FakePost) delete() (err error) { return }- 1
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server_test.go
package main import ( "encoding/json" "net/http" "net/http/httptest" "strings" "testing" ) func TestGetPost(t *testing.T) { mux := http.NewServeMux() mux.HandleFunc("/post/", handleRequest(&FakePost{})) writer := httptest.NewRecorder() request, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/post/1", nil) mux.ServeHTTP(writer, request) if writer.Code != 200 { t.Errorf("Response code is %v", writer.Code) } var post Post json.Unmarshal(writer.Body.Bytes(), &post) if post.Id != 1 { t.Errorf("Cannot retrieve JSON post") } } func TestPutPost(t *testing.T) { mux := http.NewServeMux() post := &FakePost{} mux.HandleFunc("/post/", handleRequest(post)) writer := httptest.NewRecorder() json := strings.NewReader(`{"content":"Updated post","author":"Sau Sheong"}`) request, _ := http.NewRequest("PUT", "/post/1", json) mux.ServeHTTP(writer, request) if writer.Code != 200 { t.Errorf("Response code is %v", writer.Code) } if post.Content != "Updated post" { t.Error("Content is not correct", post.Content) } }- 1
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go test .- 1
8.5 第三方测试库
8.5.1 Gocheck测试包
8.5.2 Ginkgo测试框架
-
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- 原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/oqqyx1234567/article/details/126745457
