• 在Linux中用于RPM包管理的‘DNF‘命令

    DNF即Dandified YUM是用于基于RPM发行版的下一代包管理器。首先在Fedora 18中引入它，并且它已经在Fedora 22发行版中替代了YUM工具。DNF以改进YUM瓶颈为目标，即：性能、内存使用，依赖关系解析，速度以及大量其它原因。DNF使用RPM，libsolv和hawkey库进行包管理。虽然它没有在你能够yum，dnf和与yum一起使用它的CentOS和RHEL 7中预装。

    DNF的安装

    DNF没有在RHEL/CentOS7的默认仓库中。但Fedora 22发布时附带了官方实现的DNF。要在RHEL/CentOS系统上按照DNF，你需要首先安装和使能epel-release仓库。

    1. yum install epel-release
    2. 或
    3. yum install epel-release -y

    如果这对你无关紧要，你可以预yum一起使用"-y"来自动安装每样东西，而不要用户的干预。下一步，使用yum命令从epel-release仓库安装DNF包。

    yum install dnf

    1、检查DNF版本

    检查在你系统上安装的DNF版本。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf --version
    2. 4.0.9
    3.   Installed: dnf-0:4.0.9.2-2.el7_9.noarch at Tue 19 Jul 2022 12:41:29 PM CST
    4.   Built    : CentOS BuildSystem  at Wed 07 Apr 2021 03:52:38 PM CST
    5.  
    6.   Installed: rpm-0:4.11.3-45.el7.x86_64 at Tue 26 Jan 2021 11:42:43 AM CST
    7.   Built    : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org> at Wed 30 Sep 2020 05:30:03 PM CST

    2、列出使能的DNF仓库

    dnf命令的"repolist"选项，将显示你系统下所有使能的仓库。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf repolist
    2. Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64   78 MB/s |  17 MB     00:00
    3. CentOS-7 - Base                                  58 MB/s |  10 MB     00:00
    4. CentOS-7 - Updates                               59 MB/s |  20 MB     00:00
    5. CentOS-7 - Extras                                11 MB/s | 331 kB     00:00
    6. repo id          repo name                                                status
    7. base             CentOS-7 - Base                                          10,072
    8. epel             Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64           13,757
    9. extras           CentOS-7 - Extras                                           512
    10. updates          CentOS-7 - Updates                                        4,050

    3、列出所有使能和禁用的DNF仓库

    选项"repolist all"将打印在你系统下所有使能/禁用的仓库。

    1.  
    2. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf repolist all
    3. Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:46 ago on Tue 19 Jul 2022 09:02:35 PM CST.
    4. repo id                    repo name                             status
    5. C7.0.1406-base             CentOS-7.0.1406 - Base                disabled
    6. ...
    7. C7.8.2003-updates          CentOS-7.8.2003 - Updates             disabled
    8. base                       CentOS-7 - Base                       enabled: 10,072
    9. base-debuginfo             CentOS-7 - Debuginfo                  disabled
    10. ...
    11. epel                       Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 enabled: 13,757
    12. ...
    13. updates                    CentOS-7 - Updates                    enabled:  4,050
    14. updates-source             CentOS-7 - Updates Sources            disabled

    4、使用列出所有可用和安装的包

    命令"dnf list"将来自所有仓库的所有可用包和在你Linux系统上安装的包。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf list
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 0:04:02 ago on Tue 19 Jul 2022 09:02:35 PM CST.
    3. Installed Packages
    4. GeoIP.x86_64                                                                  1.5.0-14.el7                                                            @System
    5. NetworkManager.x86_64                                                         1:1.18.8-1.el7                                                          @System
    6. NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64                                                   1:1.18.8-1.el7                                                          @System
    7. NetworkManager-team.x86_64                                                    1:1.18.8-1.el7                                                          @System
    8. NetworkManager-tui.x86_64                                                     1:1.18.8-1.el7   
    9. ...
    10. zziplib-utils.x86_64                                                          0.13.62-12.el7                                                          base

    5、使用DNF列出所有安装的包

     当"dnf list"命令显示来自所有仓库的所有可用的/安装的软件包。但，你使用"list installed"选择只列出安装的包。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf list installed
    2. Installed Packages
    3. GeoIP.x86_64                                                                     1.5.0-14.el7                                                         @System
    4. NetworkManager.x86_64                                                            1:1.18.8-1.el7                                                       @System
    5. NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64                                                      1:1.18.8-1.el7                                                       @System
    6. ...
    7. zlib.x86_64                                                                      1.2.7-18.el7                                                         @System

    6、使用DNF列出所有可用包

    "list avallable"选项将列出来自所有使能的仓库可用于安装的所有包。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf list available
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 16:41:17 ago on Tue 19 Jul 2022 09:02:35 PM CST.
    3. Available Packages
    4. 0ad.x86_64                               0.0.22-1.el7                    epel
    5. 0ad-data.noarch                          0.0.22-1.el7                    epel
    6. 0install.x86_64                          2.11-1.el7                      epel
    7. 2048-cli.x86_64                          0.9.1-1.el7                     epel
    8. 2048-cli-nocurses.x86_64                 0.9.1-1.el7                     epel
    9. 2ping.noarch                             3.2.1-2.el7                     epel
    10. 389-admin.x86_64                         1.1.46-4.el7                    epel
    11. ...

    7、使用DNF搜索包

    如果你不知道你想要安装的包，在这种情况中，你可以预dnf命令一起使用'search'选项来搜索配置单词或字符串的包。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf search nano
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 16:42:36 ago on Tue 19 Jul 2022 09:02:35 PM CST.
    3. ================================================================ Name Exactly Matched: nano =================================================================
    4. nano.x86_64 : A small text editor
    5. nano.x86_64 : A small text editor
    6. =============================================================== Name & Summary Matched: nano ================================================================
    7. nanomsg-doc.x86_64 : Documentation for nanomsg
    8. nanomsg-devel.x86_64 : Development files for nanomsg
    9. ==================================================================== Name Matched: nano =====================================================================
    10. nanomsg.x86_64 : Socket library that provides several common communication patterns
    11. =================================================================== Summary Matched: nano ===================================================================
    12. perl-Time-Clock.noarch : Twenty-four hour clock object with nanosecond precision

    8、查看什么提供了一个文件/子包?

    dnf选项"provides"查找提供特定文件/子包的包名。例如，如果你想要在你的系统上查找什么提供了"/bin/bash"。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf provides "/bin/bash"
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 16:45:33 ago on Tue 19 Jul 2022 09:02:35 PM CST.
    3. bash-4.2.46-35.el7_9.x86_64 : The GNU Bourne Again shell
    4. Repo        : @System
    5. Matched from:
    6. Provide    : /bin/bash
    7.  
    8. bash-4.2.46-34.el7.x86_64 : The GNU Bourne Again shell
    9. Repo        : base
    10. Matched from:
    11. Provide    : /bin/bash
    12.  
    13. bash-4.2.46-35.el7_9.x86_64 : The GNU Bourne Again shell
    14. Repo        : updates
    15. Matched from:
    16. Provide    : /bin/bash

    9、使用DNF获取一个包的详细情况

    假设在系统上安装一个包前，你想知道它的信息，你使用"info"选项获取一个包的详细信息。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf info nano
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 16:48:45 ago on Tue 19 Jul 2022 09:02:35 PM CST.
    3. Installed Packages
    4. Name         : nano
    5. Version      : 2.3.1
    6. Release      : 10.el7
    7. Arch         : x86_64
    8. Size         : 1.6 M
    9. Source       : nano-2.3.1-10.el7.src.rpm
    10. Repo         : @System
    11. Summary      : A small text editor
    12. URL          : http://www.nano-editor.org
    13. License      : GPLv3+
    14. Description  : GNU nano is a small and friendly text editor.

    10、用DNF安装一个包

    要安装一个称为nano的包，只要运行以下命令，它将自动解析并且按照nano包所有i需要的依赖。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf install nano
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 16:52:33 ago on Tue 19 Jul 2022 09:02:35 PM CST.
    3. Dependencies resolved.
    4. =============================================================================================================================================================
    5.  Package                            Arch                                 Version                                    Repository                          Size
    6. =============================================================================================================================================================
    7. Installing:
    8.  nano                               x86_64                               2.3.1-10.el7                               base                               440 k
    9. ...
    10.  
    11. Installed:
    12.   nano-2.3.1-10.el7.x86_64
    13.  
    14. Complete!

    11、使用DNF更新一个包

    你可以只更新一特定包并且保持在系统上所有东西不变。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf update systemd
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 16:54:56 ago on Tue 19 Jul 2022 09:02:35 PM CST.
    3. Dependencies resolved.
    4. Nothing to do.
    5. Complete!

    12、使用DNF检查系统更新

    检查被安装进系统的所有系统包的更新。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf check-update
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 16:57:06 ago on Tue 19 Jul 2022 09:02:35 PM CST.
    3.  
    4. NetworkManager.x86_64                                                          1:1.18.8-2.el7_9                                                        updates
    5. NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64                                                    1:1.18.8-2.el7_9                                                        updates
    6. NetworkManager-team.x86_64                                                     1:1.18.8-2.el7_9                                                        updates
    7. NetworkManager-tui.x86_64                                                      1:1.18.8-2.el7_9                                                        updates
    8. at.x86_64                                                                      3.1.13-25.el7_9                                                         updates

    13、使用DNF更新所有系统包

    你可以用以下命令更新整个系统，包括所有安装的包。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf update
    2. 或
    3. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf upgrade

    14、使用DNF移除/擦除一个包

    要移除或者擦除任何不想要的包，你可以与dnf命令一起使用"remove"或"erase"选项来移除它。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf remove nano
    2. Dependencies resolved.
    3. ==============================================================================================================
    4.  Package                Arch                     Version                        Repository               Size
    5. ==============================================================================================================
    6. Removing:
    7.  nano                   x86_64                   2.3.1-10.el7                   @base                   1.6 M
    8. ...
    9. Removed:
    10.   nano-2.3.1-10.el7.x86_64
    11.  
    12. Complete!

    15、使用DNF移除孤儿包

    被安装来满足依赖关系的那些包，如果未被其它程序使用，它们是无用的。要移除那些孤儿包，执行以下命令。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf autoremove
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 17:07:12 ago on Tue 19 Jul 2022 09:02:35 PM CST.
    3. Dependencies resolved.
    4. Nothing to do.
    5. Complete!

    16、使用DNF移除缓存的包

    我们很多时候遇到了过时的头以及未完成的事务，在执行dnf时，这导致了错误。我们可以清除包含远程包信息的所有缓存的包和头。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf clean all
    2. 147 files removed

    17、获取有关特定DNF命令的帮助

    只要执行以下命令，你可以得到任何特定的DNF命令的帮助。

    [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf help info

    18、列出所有DNF命令和选项

    要列出有关所有可用dnf命令和选项的帮助，只要输入。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf help
    2. usage: dnf [options] COMMAND
    3.  
    4. List of Main Commands:
    5.  
    6. alias                     List or create command aliases
    7. autoremove                remove all unneeded packages that were originally installed as dependencies
    8. check                     check for problems in the packagedb
    9. check-update              check for available package upgrades
    10. clean                     remove cached data
    11. deplist                   List package's dependencies and what packages provide them
    12. distro-sync               synchronize installed packages to the latest available versions
    13. downgrade                 Downgrade a package
    14. group                     display, or use, the groups information
    15. help                      display a helpful usage message
    16. history                   display, or use, the transaction history
    17. info                      display details about a package or group of packages
    18. install                   install a package or packages on your system
    19. list                      list a package or groups of packages
    20. makecache                 generate the metadata cache
    21. mark                      mark or unmark installed packages as installed by user.
    22. module                    Interact with Modules.
    23. provides                  find what package provides the given value
    24. reinstall                 reinstall a package
    25. remove                    remove a package or packages from your system
    26. repolist                  display the configured software repositories
    27. repoquery                 search for packages matching keyword
    28. repository-packages       run commands on top of all packages in given repository
    29. search                    search package details for the given string
    30. shell                     run an interactive DNF shell
    31. swap                      run an interactive dnf mod for remove and install one spec
    32. updateinfo                display advisories about packages
    33. upgrade                   upgrade a package or packages on your system
    34. upgrade-minimal           upgrade, but only 'newest' package match which fixes a problem that affects your system

    19、查看DNF历史

    你可以调用dnf历史查看已经执行的dnf命令的列表。你用这种方式知道了带时间戳地安装/移除什么。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf history
    2. ID     | Command line             | Date and time    | Action(s)      | Altered
    3. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    4.      4 | remove nano              | 2022-07-20 14:06 | Removed        |    1  <
    5.      3 | update                   | 2022-07-20 14:00 | I, U           |  121 >#
    6.      2 | install nano             | 2022-07-20 13:55 | Install        |    1
    7.      1 | remove nano              | 2022-07-20 13:55 | Removed        |    1

    20、列出所有包组

    命令"dnf grouplist"将打印所有可用或安装地包，如果什么也没有提到，它将列出所有已知组。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf grouplist
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:28 ago on Wed 20 Jul 2022 02:23:54 PM CST.
    3. Available Environment Groups:
    4.    Minimal Install
    5.    Compute Node
    6.    Infrastructure Server
    7.    File and Print Server
    8.    Cinnamon Desktop
    9.    MATE Desktop
    10.    Basic Web Server
    11.    Virtualization Host
    12.    Server with GUI
    13.    GNOME Desktop
    14.    KDE Plasma Workspaces
    15.    Development and Creative Workstation
    16. Available Groups:
    17.    Cinnamon
    18.    Educational Software
    19.    Electronic Lab
    20.    Fedora Packager
    21.    General Purpose Desktop
    22.    Haskell
    23.    LXQt Desktop
    24.    MATE
    25.    Milkymist
    26.    TurboGears application framework
    27.    Xfce
    28.    Compatibility Libraries
    29.    Console Internet Tools
    30.    Development Tools
    31.    Graphical Administration Tools
    32.    Legacy UNIX Compatibility
    33.    Scientific Support
    34.    Security Tools
    35.    Smart Card Support
    36.    System Administration Tools
    37.    System Management

    21、使用DNF安装一个包组

    要按照一个捆绑在一起的包组为一个组包。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf groupinstall 'Educational Software'
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 1:28:02 ago on Wed 20 Jul 2022 02:23:54 PM CST.
    3. Dependencies resolved.
    4. ==============================================================================================================
    5.  Package                   Arch                     Version                   Repository                 Size
    6. ==============================================================================================================
    7. Installing Groups:
    8.  Educational Software
    9.  
    10. Transaction Summary
    11. ==============================================================================================================
    12.  
    13. Is this ok [y/N]: y
    14. Complete!

    22、更新一个组包

    通过执行以下命令更新一个组包。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf groupupdate 'Educational Software'
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 1:29:58 ago on Wed 20 Jul 2022 02:23:54 PM CST.
    3. Dependencies resolved.
    4. ==============================================================================================================
    5.  Package                   Arch                     Version                   Repository                 Size
    6. ==============================================================================================================
    7. Installing Groups:
    8.  Educational Software
    9.  
    10. Transaction Summary
    11. ==============================================================================================================
    12.  
    13. Is this ok [y/N]: y
    14. Complete!

    23、移除一个组包

    我们可以移除这个组包。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf groupremove 'Educational Software'
    2. Dependencies resolved.
    3. ==============================================================================================================
    4.  Package                   Arch                     Version                   Repository                 Size
    5. ==============================================================================================================
    6. Removing Groups:
    7.  Educational Software
    8.  
    9. Transaction Summary
    10. ==============================================================================================================
    11.  
    12. Is this ok [y/N]: y
    13. Complete!

    24、从一个特定仓库安装一个包

    DNF使得从一个repo(epel)安装任何特定包成为可能。

    [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf --enablerepo=epel install phpmyadmin

    25、同步安装的包到稳定发行版

    命令"dnf distro-sync"将提供必要选项来同步所有安装的包到来自任何使能的仓库可用的最新稳定版本。如果没有选择包，同步所有安装的包。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf distro-sync
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 1:49:18 ago on Wed 20 Jul 2022 02:23:54 PM CST.
    3. Dependencies resolved.
    4. Nothing to do.
    5. Complete!

    26、重新安装一个包

    命令"dnf reinstall nano"将重新安装一个安装过的包。

    [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf reinstall nano

    27、降级一个包

    如果可能，选项"downgrade"将降级指定名称的包到更低版本。

    1. [root@instance-z6rhwz8d ~]# dnf downgrade acpid
    2. Last metadata expiration check: 1:54:15 ago on Wed 20 Jul 2022 02:23:54 PM CST.
    3. Package acpid of lowest version already installed, cannot downgrade it.
    4. Error: No packages marked for downgrade.
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  • 原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/yuyuyuliang00/article/details/125880438