结构体属于自定义的数据概念,允许用户存储不同的数据类型
语法:struct 结构体名{ 结构体成员列表};
通过结构体创建变量的方式有三种:
1,struct 结构体名 { 结构体成员列表 }
示例:
- //1,创建学生数据类型:包括姓名,年龄,成绩
- //自定义数据类型,一些类型集合组成一个类型
-
- struct Student
- {
- //成员列表
- //姓名
- string name;
- //年龄
- int age;
- //成绩
- char score;
- };
-
-
- int main()
- {
- //2,通过学生类型创建具体学生
- struct Student s1;
- //给s1赋值,通过“.”访问结构体变量中的属性
- s1.name = "张三";
- s1.age = 18;
- s1.score = 100;
-
- cout << "姓名:" << s1.name << "年龄:" << s1.age << "成绩:" << s1.score << endl;
- system("pause");
- return 0;
- }

2,struct 结构体名 变量名= {成员1值,成员2值......}
- #include<iostream>
- using namespace std;
- #include<string>
-
- //1,创建学生数据类型:包括姓名,年龄,成绩
- //自定义数据类型,一些类型集合组成一个类型
-
- struct Student
- {
- //成员列表
- //姓名
- string name;
- //年龄
- int age;
- //成绩
- int score;
- };
-
- int main()
- {
- struct Student s2 = { "李四",20,90 };
- cout << "姓名:" << s2.name << "年龄:" << s2.age << "成绩:" << s2.score << endl;
- system("pause");
- return 0;
- }

3,定义结构体时顺便创建变量
- #include<iostream>
- using namespace std;
- #include<string>
-
- //1,创建学生数据类型:包括姓名,年龄,成绩
- //自定义数据类型,一些类型集合组成一个类型
-
- struct Student
- {
- //成员列表
- //姓名
- string name;
- //年龄
- int age;
- //成绩
- int score;
- }s3;
-
- int main()
- {
- s3.name = "王五";
- s3.age = 56;
- s3.score = 99;
- cout << "姓名:" << s3.name
- << "年龄:" << s3.age
- << "成绩:" << s3.score << endl;
- system("pause");
- return 0;
- }

总结1:定义结构体时的关键字是struct,不可省略
总结2:创建结构体变量时,关键字struct可以省略
总结3:结构体变量利用操作符”.“访问成员
建议用前面两种方式
作用:将自定义的结构他放入到数列中方便维护
语法:struct 结构体名 数组名[元素个数]={{},{},{}};
示例:
- struct student
- {
- //成员列表
- //姓名
- string name;
- //年龄
- int age;
- //成绩
- int score;
- };
-
- int main()
- {
- //创建结构体数组
- struct student StuArr[3] =
- {
- {"张三",18,100},
- {"李四",28,99},
- {"王五",28,66}
- };
-
- //给结构体数组中的元素赋值
- StuArr[2].name = "赵六";
- StuArr[2].age = 60;
- StuArr[2].score = 82;
-
- //遍历结构体数组
- for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
- {
- cout << "姓名:" << StuArr[i].name
- << "年龄:" << StuArr[i].age
- << "成绩:" << StuArr[i].score << endl;
- }
- system("pause");
- return 0;
- }

作用:通过指针访问结构体成员
利用->操作符可以通过结构体指针访问结构体属性
示例:
- struct Student
- {
- //成员列表
- //姓名
- string name;
- //年龄
- int age;
- //成绩
- int score;
- };
-
- int main()
- {
- struct Student s2 = { "李四",20,90 };
- struct Student* p = &s2;
- p->score = 80;
- cout << "姓名:" << s2.name << "年龄:" << s2.age << "成绩:" << s2.score << endl;
- system("pause");
- return 0;
- }
总结:结构体指针可以通过->操作符来访问结构体中的成员
作用:结构体中的成员时另一个结构体:
例如:每个老师辅导一个学生,一个老师的结构体中,记录一个学生的结构体
示例:
-
- //结构体嵌套结构体
- struct student
- {
- //学生列表
- string name;//学生名字
- int age; //学生年龄
- int score;//学生成绩
- };
-
- struct teacher
- {
- //成员列表
- int id;//职工编号
- string name;//教师姓名
- int age;//年龄
- struct student s1;//老师所辅导的学生
- };
-
- int main()
- {
- //结构体嵌套结构体
- //创建老师
- teacher t;
- t.id = 10000;
- t.name = "老王";
- t.age = 25;
- t.s1.name = "小王";
- t.s1.age = 18;
- t.s1.score = 100;
-
- cout << "老师姓名:" << t.name << endl;
- cout << "老师编号:" << t.id << endl;
- cout << "老师年龄:" << t.age << endl;
- cout << "老师辅导的学生:" << t.s1.name << endl;
- cout << "老师辅导的学生的年龄:" << t.s1.age << endl;
- cout << "老师辅导的学生的成绩" << t.s1.score << endl;
-
- system("pause");
- return 0;
- }

作用:将结构体作为参数向函数中传递
传递的方式有两种:
- struct student
- {
- //学生列表
- string name;//学生名字
- int age; //学生年龄
- int score;//学生成绩
- };
-
- void printfstudent1(struct student s)
- {
- s.age=56;
- cout << "子函数中的打印" << endl;
- cout << " 姓名:" << s.name << "年龄:" << s.age << "成绩:" << s.score << endl;
- }
-
- int main()
- {
- struct student s;
- s.name = "张三";
- s.age = 18;
- s.score = 100;
-
- cout << "main函数中的打印:" << endl;
- cout << " 姓名:"<<s.name << "年龄:" << s.age << "成绩:" << s.score << endl;
-
- printfstudent1(s);//结构体做函数参数
- system("pause");
- return 0;
- }

- struct student
- {
- //学生列表
- string name;//学生名字
- int age; //学生年龄
- int score;//学生成绩
- };
-
- void printfstudent2(struct student* p)
- {
- p->age = 100;
- cout << "子函数中的打印" << endl;
- cout << " 姓名:" << p->name << "年龄:" << p->age << "成绩:" << p->score << endl;
-
- }
-
- int main()
- {
- struct student s;
- s.name = "张三";
- s.age = 18;
- s.score = 100;
-
- cout << "main函数中的打印:" << endl;
- cout << " 姓名:" << s.name << "年龄:" << s.age << "成绩:" << s.score << endl;
-
- printfstudent2(&s);
- system("pause");
- return 0;
- }

总结:如果不想修改主函数中的数据,用值传递,反之,用地址传递
作用:用const来防止操作错误
示例:
- //const 使用场景
- //将函数中的形参改为指针,可以减少内存空间,而且不会复制出新的副本出来
- void printfstudent2(struct student* p)//加const防止函数体中的误操作
- {
- //p->age = 100;加了const,不可以修改数据,可以防止我们的误操作
- cout << "子函数中的打印" << endl;
- cout << " 姓名:" << p->name << "年龄:" << p->age << "成绩:" << p->score << endl;
-
- }
学校正在做毕设项目,每名老师带领5名学生,总共三名老师,需求如下:
设计学生和老师的结构体,其中在老师的结构体中,有老师姓名和一个存放5名学生的数组作为成员
学生的成员有姓名,考试成绩,创建数组存放3名老师,通过函数给每个老师及所带的学生赋值
最终打印出老师数据以及老师所带的学生数据

代码展示:
- #include<iostream>
- using namespace std;
- #include<string>
- #include<ctime>
- //学生的结构体
- struct student
- {
- string sName;
- int score;
- };
-
- //老师的结构体
- struct teacher
- {
- string tName;
- struct student sArray[5];
- };
-
- //信息赋值
- void allocate_student(struct teacher tArray[], int len)
- {
- string nameSeed = "ABCDE";
- for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
- {
- tArray[i].tName = "Teacher";
- tArray[i].tName += nameSeed[i];
-
- for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++)
- {
- tArray[i].sArray[j].sName = "Studemt_";
- tArray[i].sArray[j].sName += nameSeed[j];
-
- int random = rand() % 61 + 40;//40~99
- tArray[i].sArray[j].score = random;
- }
- }
- }
- //打印所有老师及所带的学生信息
- void print_Student(struct teacher tArray[], int len)
- {
- for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
- {
- cout << "老师姓名:" << tArray[i].tName << endl;
- for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++)
- {
- cout << "\t学生姓名:" << tArray[i].sArray[j].sName
- <<"学生成绩:"<< tArray[i].sArray[j].score << endl;
- }
- }
-
- }
- int main()
- {
- srand((unsigned)time(NULL));
- //1,创建3名老师的数组
- struct teacher tArray[3];
-
- //2,通过函数给3名老师赋值,并给老师带的学生信息赋值
- int len = sizeof(tArray) / sizeof(tArray[0]);
- allocate_student(tArray, len);
-
- //3,打印所有老师及所带的学生信息
- print_Student(tArray, len);
-
- system("pause");
- return 0;
- }


案例描述:
设计一个英雄的结构体,包括成员姓名,年龄,性别;
创建结构体数组,数组中存放5名英雄。
通过冒泡排序的算法,将数组中的英雄按照年龄进行升序排序,最终打印排序后的结果
五名英雄信息如下:
{”刘备“,23,”男“}
{“关羽”,22,“男”}
{“张飞”,21,“男”}
{“赵云”,20,“男”}
{“貂蝉”,19,“女”}
代码如下:
- #include<iostream>
- using namespace std;
- #include<string>
-
- //1,设计英雄结构体
- struct Hero
- {
- //姓名
- string name;
- //年龄
- int age;
- //性别
- string sex;
- };
-
- void printsort(struct Hero Array[], int len)
- {
- cout << "排序后" << endl;
- for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
- {
- cout << "英雄姓名:" << Array[i].name << "\t"
- << "英雄年龄:" << Array[i].age << "\t"
- << "英雄性别:" << Array[i].sex << "\t"
- << endl;
- }
- }
-
- void Bubblesort(struct Hero Array[], int len)
- {
- for (int i = 0; i < len - 1; i++)
- {
- for (int j = 0; j < len - i - 1; j++)
- {
- if (Array[j].age > Array[j + 1].age)
- {
- int temp = Array[j].age;
- Array[j].age = Array[j + 1].age;
- Array[j+1].age = temp;
- }
- }
-
- }
- }
-
-
- int main()
- {
- //2,创建数组存放英雄
- struct Hero Array[5] =
- {
- {"刘备",23,"男" },
- { "关羽",22,"男" },
- { "张飞",21,"男" },
- { "赵云",20,"男" },
- { "貂蝉",19,"女" }
- };
- int len = sizeof(Array) / sizeof(Array[0]);
- cout << "排序前" << endl;
- for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
- {
- cout << "英雄姓名:" << Array[i].name << "\t"
- << "英雄年龄:" << Array[i].age << "\t"
- << "英雄性别:" << Array[i].sex << "\t"
- << endl;
- }
- //3,创建函数对数组进行排序,按照年龄进行升序排序
- Bubblesort(Array, len);
- //4,对排序后结果进行打印输出
- printsort(Array, len);
- system("pause");
- return 0;
- }

- #include<iostream>
- using namespace std;
- #include<string>//头文件信息
- #define MAX 1000
-
- //联系人结构体
- struct Person
- {
- string m_name;//姓名
- int m_sex;//性别
- int m_age;//年龄
- string m_phone;//电话
- string m_address;//住址
- };
-
- //通讯录结构体
- struct Addressbooks
- {
- struct Person personArray[MAX];//通讯录保存联系人信息
- int m_size;//通讯录中人员个数
- };
-
- //菜单界面
- void showMenu()
- {
- cout << "**********************" << endl;
- cout << "*****1,添加联系人*****" << endl;
- cout << "*****2,显示联系人*****" << endl;
- cout << "*****3,删除联系人*****" << endl;
- cout << "*****4,查找联系人*****" << endl;
- cout << "*****5,修改联系人*****" << endl;
- cout << "*****6,清空联系人*****" << endl;
- cout << "*****0,退出通讯录*****" << endl;
- cout << "**********************" << endl;
- cout << endl;
- }
-
- //添加联系人
- void addPerson(Addressbooks * abs)
- {
- //先判断通讯录是否已满,如果满了后不再添加
- if (abs->m_size == MAX)
- {
- cout << "通讯录已满,无法添加!" << endl;
- return;
- }
- else
- {
- //添加联系人
-
- //姓名
- string name;
- cout << "请输入名字:" << endl;
- cin >> name;
- abs->personArray[abs->m_size].m_name = name;
-
- //性别
- cout << "请输入性别" << endl;
- cout << "1----男" << endl;
- cout << "2----女" << endl;
- int sex = 0;
- while (true)
- {
- cin >> sex;
- if (sex == 1 || sex == 2)
- {
- abs->personArray[abs->m_size].m_sex = sex;
- break;
- }
- cout << "输入有误,请重新输入" << endl;
- }
-
- //年龄
- cout << "请输入年龄" << endl;
- int age = 0;
- cin >> age;
- abs->personArray[abs->m_size].m_age = age;
-
- //联系电话
- cout << "请输入电话" << endl;
- string phone;
- cin >> phone;
- abs->personArray[abs->m_size].m_phone = phone;
-
- //家庭住址
- cout << "请输入地址" << endl;
- string address;
- cin >> address;
- abs->personArray[abs->m_size].m_address = address;
-
- //更新通讯录人数
- abs->m_size++;
-
- cout << "添加成功" << endl;
- }
- system("pause");//按任意键继续
- system("cls");//清屏操作
- }
-
- //显示联系人
- void showPerson(Addressbooks* abs)
- {
- //判断如果当前通讯录中没有人员,就提示记录为空
- //人数大于0,显示通讯录中信息
- if (abs->m_size == 0)
- {
- cout << "当前记录为空" << endl;
- }
- else
- {
- for (int i = 0; i < abs->m_size; i++)
- {
- cout << "姓名:" << abs->personArray[i].m_name << "\t";
- cout << "性别:" << (abs->personArray[i].m_sex == 1 ? "男" : "女" )<< "\t";
- cout << "年龄:" << abs->personArray[i].m_age << "\t";
- cout << "电话:" << abs->personArray[i].m_phone << "\t";
- cout << "地址:" << abs->personArray[i].m_address << endl;
- }
- }
- system("pause");//按任意键继续
- system("cls");//清屏操作
- }
-
- //如果存在,返回联系人在通讯录中的位置,不存在则返回 - 1
- //参数1 通讯录 参数2 对比姓名
- int isExist(Addressbooks * abs,string name)
- {
- for (int i = 0; i < abs->m_size ; i++)
- {
- //找到用户姓名
- if (abs->personArray[i].m_name == name)
- {
- //返回这个人的下标
- return i;
- }
- return -1;//如果遍历结果都没有找到,则返回-1
- }
- }
-
- void deletePerson(Addressbooks * abs, string name)
- {
- int ret = isExist(abs, name);
- //ret==-1 未查到
- //ret != 1 查到了
-
- if (ret != -1)
- {
- //查到人,要进行删除操作
- for (int i = 0; i < abs->m_size; i++)
- {
- //数据迁移
- //删除:就是将后面每个人的信息的位置替换前一个人的信息
- abs->personArray[i] = abs->personArray[i + 1];
- }
- abs->m_size--;
- cout << "删除成功" << endl;
- }
- else
- {
- cout << "查无此人" << endl;
- }
- system("pause");
- system("cls");
- }
-
- void findPerson(Addressbooks * abs)
- {
- cout << "输入您要查找的联系人" << endl;
- string name;
- cin >> name;
- //判断联系人是否在通讯录中
- int ret = isExist(abs, name);
- if (ret != -1)//找到联系人
- {
- cout << "姓名:" << abs->personArray[ret].m_name << "\t";
- cout << "性别:" << (abs->personArray[ret].m_sex == 1 ? "男" : "女") << "\t";
- cout << "年龄:" << abs->personArray[ret].m_age << "\t";
- cout << "电话:" << abs->personArray[ret].m_phone << "\t";
- cout << "地址:" << abs->personArray[ret].m_address << endl;
- }
- else
- {
- cout << "查无此人" << endl;
- }
- system("pause");
- system("cls");
- }
-
- void modifyPerson(Addressbooks* abs)
- {
- cout << "输入您要修改的联系人" << endl;
- string name;
- cin >> name;
- int ret = isExist(abs, name);
- if (ret != -1)//找到联系人
- {
- //姓名
- string name;
- cout << "请输入名字:" << endl;
- cin >> name;
- abs->personArray[ret].m_name = name;
-
- //性别
- cout << "请输入性别" << endl;
- cout << "1----男" << endl;
- cout << "2----女" << endl;
- int sex = 0;
- while (true)
- {
- cin >> sex;
- if (sex == 1 || sex == 2)
- {
- abs->personArray[ret].m_sex = sex;
- break;
- }
- cout << "输入有误,请重新输入" << endl;
- }
-
- //年龄
- cout << "请输入年龄" << endl;
- int age = 0;
- cin >> age;
- abs->personArray[ret].m_age = age;
-
- //联系电话
- cout << "请输入电话" << endl;
- string phone;
- cin >> phone;
- abs->personArray[ret].m_phone = phone;
-
- //家庭住址
- cout << "请输入地址" << endl;
- string address;
- cin >> address;
- abs->personArray[ret].m_address = address;
-
- cout << "修改成功" << endl;
- }
- else
- {
- cout << "查无此人" << endl;
- }
- system("pause");
- system("cls");
- }
-
- void cleanPerson(Addressbooks* abs)
- {
- abs->m_size = 0;
- cout << "通讯录已经清空" << endl;
- system("pause");
- system("cls");
- }
-
- int main()
- {
- Addressbooks abs;//创建通讯录结构体变量
- abs.m_size = 0;//初始化当前人数个数
-
- int select = 0;//创建用户输入变量
-
- while (1)
- {
- //调用菜单
- showMenu();
- cout << "请输入:" << endl;
- int select = 0;
- cin >> select;
- switch (select)
- {
- case 1://1,添加联系人
- addPerson(&abs);//利用地址传参,可以修饰实参
- break;
- case 2://2, 显示联系人
- showPerson(&abs);
- break;
- case 3://3,删除联系人
- {
- cout << "请输入删除联系人的姓名:" << endl;
- string name;
- cin >> name;
- if (isExist(&abs, name) == -1)
- {
- cout << "查无此人" << endl;
- }
- else
- {
- cout << "找到此人" << endl;
- }
- deletePerson(&abs, name);
- }
- break;
- case 4://4,查找联系人
- findPerson(&abs);
- break;
- case 5://5,修改联系人
- modifyPerson(&abs);
- break;
- case 6://6,清空联系人
- cleanPerson(&abs);
- break;
- case 0://0,退出通讯录
- cout << "欢迎下次使用!" << endl;
- system("pause");
- break;
- default:
- break;
- }
- }
-
- system("pause");
- return 0;
- }
通讯录管理系统具体操作请看以下文章:
本文链接:c++之通讯录管理系统-CSDN博客