ubuntu安装debian包的命令dpkg和apt的详解

dpkg是Debian Packager的缩写
官方文档https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/en/man1/dpkg.1.html
ubuntu的dpkg命令类似centos的rpm命令，dpkg主要用于对已下载到本地和已安装的.deb软件包进行管理比如安装、构建、删除。dpkg不能自动下载和安装.deb软件包也无法检查软件包的依赖关系，因此在对一个软件的依赖关系不清楚的情况下，使用dpkg对用户的开发工作不太友好。为了帮助用户获取软件包（获取存在依赖关系的软件包），则出现了更高级的APT软件包管理工具。

apt是Advanced Packaging Tool的缩写
官方文档https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/en/man8/apt.8.html
ubuntu的apt类似centos的yum，从Ubuntu 16.04和Debian 9开始，开始推荐使用apt而不是apt-get，也就是使用apt来替代掉apt-get，尽管apt-get仍然可用且功能齐全。apt它提供了新软件包的安装、现有软件包的升级、软件包列表索引的更新，它提供在线软件包的管理也提供下载到本地的.deb软件包的管理，apt不同于dpkg，其解决了一个重要的问题，就是软件卸载过程中的软件包的依赖性问题，并且从指定的源(/etc/apt/sources.list文件中的内容)中检索和安装软件包。

apt-get官方文档https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/en/man8/apt-get.8.html关于install的解释
install is followed by one or more packages desired for installation or upgrading.
Each package is a package name, not a fully qualified filename (for instance, in a Debian system, apt-utils would be the argument provided, not apt-utils_2.4.5_amd64.deb).

例子
dpkg才可以安装下载到本地的.deb软件包，而apt也能安装，下例apt安装下载到本地的.deb软件包报错E: Unable to locate package，只要解决了这个报错，apt一样可以安装下载到本地的.deb软件包

root@DAILACHDBUD001:~# ll |grep deb
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 23585760 Oct 18 06:21 clickhouse-backup_2.4.2_amd64.deb
root@DAILACHDBUD001:~# apt install clickhouse-backup_2.4.2_amd64.deb
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package clickhouse-backup_2.4.2_amd64.deb
root@DAILACHDBUD001:~# dpkg -i clickhouse-backup_2.4.2_amd64.deb
Selecting previously unselected package clickhouse-backup.
(Reading database ... 127136 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack clickhouse-backup_2.4.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking clickhouse-backup (2.4.2) ...
Setting up clickhouse-backup (2.4.2) ...
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apt install本地包，必须写死本地包的路径，比如apt install /root/software/DDBoostFS_7.6.0.7_685537_amd64.deb

root@DBUP001:~# cd /root/software/
root@DBUP001:~/software# pwd
/root/software
root@DBUP001:~/software# apt install DDBoostFS_7.6.0.7_685537_amd64.deb
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package DDBoostFS_7.6.0.7_685537_amd64.deb
root@DBUP001:~/software# apt install /root/software/DDBoostFS_7.6.0.7_685537_amd64.deb
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Note, selecting 'ddboostfs' instead of '/root/software/DDBoostFS_7.6.0.7_685537_amd64.deb'
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  libflashrom1 libftdi1-2
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libfuse2
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  ddboostfs libfuse2
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
Need to get 90.3 kB/2,788 kB of archives.
After this operation, 6,847 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] yes
Get:1 /root/software/DDBoostFS_7.6.0.7_685537_amd64.deb ddboostfs amd64 7.6.0.7 [2,697 kB]
Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/universe amd64 libfuse2 amd64 2.9.9-5ubuntu3 [90.3 kB]
Fetched 90.3 kB in 0s (225 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package libfuse2:amd64.
(Reading database ... 128191 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libfuse2_2.9.9-5ubuntu3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libfuse2:amd64 (2.9.9-5ubuntu3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package ddboostfs.
Preparing to unpack .../DDBoostFS_7.6.0.7_685537_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking ddboostfs (7.6.0.7) ...
Setting up libfuse2:amd64 (2.9.9-5ubuntu3) ...
Setting up ddboostfs (7.6.0.7) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.35-0ubuntu3.4) ...
needrestart is being skipped since dpkg has failed
N: Download is performed unsandboxed as root as file '/root/software/DDBoostFS_7.6.0.7_685537_amd64.deb' couldn't be accessed by user '_apt'. - pkgAcquire::Run (13: Permission denied)
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