背景:
某项目有多个接口,之前使用的unittest框架来管理测试用例,将每个接口的用例封装成一个py文件,接口有数据或者字段变动后,需要去每个py文件中找出变动的接口测试用例,维护起来不方便,为了便于接口变动后维护,使用excel来管理测试用例,接口有变动不需要修改代码,只需要维护excel即可。
思路:
为了方便维护测试用例,一个接口的测试用例使用一个excel文件来管理,每个excel文件中有两个sheet页,第一个sheet页是接口的基本信息,包括接口名称,地址和请求方式,第二个sheet页为接口的测试用例,如下图所示
第一个sheet页

第二个sheet页

接口请求的数据类型为X-WWW-FORM-URLENCODED,在测试用例中每个字段为一列,每条用例为一行,倒数第二列为预期结果,倒数第三列为该条用例的描述。
接口自动化框架结构:

common目录存放公共的方法,例如写日志,连数据库
config目录存放配置文件和读取配置文件内容的方法,cfg.ini包括发送邮件的配置信息和接口的ip和端口
data目录存放接口的测试用例
logs目录存放用例执行的日志
report目录存放测试报告
run_main.py为用例执行的入口
源码:api_test.py封装读取测试用例的数据,执行测试用例和校验测试结果
-
- #coding:utf-8
-
- import xlrd,os
- import requests
- from datetime import datetime
- from xlrd import xldate_as_tuple
- from config import readConfig
- from common.logger import Log
-
- '''
- 获取测试用例data所在的目录
- '''
- d = os.path.dirname(__file__) #返回当前文件所在目录(common文件夹路径)
- parent_path = os.path.dirname(d) #返回common的父级目录
- data_path = os.path.join(parent_path,'data') #返回data所在目录
- data_path1 = os.listdir(data_path) #返回data目录下所有的文件
-
- log = Log()
-
- def api_data():
- for filename in data_path1:
- book = xlrd.open_workbook(os.path.join(data_path,filename))
-
- '''
- 获取excel文件中接口信息
- '''
- table = book.sheet_by_index(0) #通过索引,获取相应的列表,这里表示获取excel的第一个列表
- inf_name = table.row_values(1)[0] #返回接口名称
- inf_address = table.row_values(1)[1] #返回接口地址
- inf_mode = table.row_values(1)[2] #返回请求方式
-
- '''
- 获取excel文件中测试用例信息
- '''
- sheet = book.sheet_by_index(1) #通过索引,获取相应的列表,这里表示获取excel的第二个列表
- nrows = sheet.nrows #获取所有行数
- filed = sheet.row_values(0)
- # print(filed)
-
- for i in range(1,nrows):
- d1 = {}
- for j in range(0,len(filed)-2):
- ctype = sheet.cell(i, j).ctype # 表格的数据类型
- cell = sheet.cell_value(i, j)
- d = {}
- if ctype == 2 and cell % 1 == 0: # 如果是整形
- cell = int(cell)
- elif ctype == 3:
- # 转成datetime对象
- date = datetime(*xldate_as_tuple(cell, 0))
- cell = date.strftime('%Y/%m/%d')
- elif ctype == 4:
- cell = True if cell == 1 else False
- # print(cell)
- d.update({filed[j]:cell})
- # print(d)
- d1.update(d)
- # print(d1)
-
- '''
- 获取excel文件中测试用例预期结果和描述
- '''
- a = []
- for k in range(len(filed)-2,len(filed)):
- ctype = sheet.cell(i, k).ctype # 表格的数据类型
- cell = sheet.cell_value(i, k)
- if ctype == 2 and cell % 1 == 0: # 如果是整形
- cell = int(cell)
- elif ctype == 3:
- # 转成datetime对象
- date = datetime(*xldate_as_tuple(cell, 0))
- cell = date.strftime('%Y/%m/%d')
- elif ctype == 4:
- cell = True if cell == 1 else False
- a.append(cell)
- # print(a[0])
- # print(type(a[0]))
-
- '''
- 获取cfg.ini配置文件中接口公共信息(ip和port)
- '''
- ip = readConfig.ip # 获取配置文件中接口ip
- i_port = readConfig.i_port # 获取配置文件中接口port
- url = "http://" + ip + ":" + i_port + inf_address
- headers = {
- "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; rv:44.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/44.0",
- "X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest",
- "Connection": "keep-alive"
- }
- par = d1
-
- '''
- 判断请求方式是GET还是POST,并且判断测试用例预期结果与实际响应一致
- '''
- if inf_mode == 'GET':
- r = requests.get(url, params=par)
- result = r.json()
- # log.info("---编号%s,接口名称%s---")%(i,inf_name)
- print(inf_name, str(result).replace('None','null'), a[1])
- if str(result).replace('None','null') == a[0]:
- log.info("pass")
- log.info("--------")
- else:
- log.info("false")
- log.info("--------")
- elif inf_mode == 'POST':
- r = requests.post(url, data=par, headers=headers)
- result = r.json()
- print(inf_name, str(result).replace('None', 'null'), a[1])
- if str(result).replace('None', 'null') == a[0]:
- print('pass')
- print('--------')
- else:
- print('false')
- print('--------')
-
-
- api_data()
配置文件cfg.ini(主要配置邮箱和接口ip+port等常用数据信息)
-
- [email]
-
- smtp_server = smtp.163.com
- port = 465
- sender = xxx;psw是QQ邮箱的授权码
- psw = xxx
-
- ;收件人多个时,中间用逗号隔开,如'a@xx.com,b@xx.com'
- receiver = xxx[interface]
-
- ip = xxx
- ;接口ip
- port = xxx
- ;接口端口
readConfig.py读取配置文件中数据
-
- # coding:utf-8
- import os
- import configparser
-
- cur_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
- configPath = os.path.join(cur_path, "cfg.ini")
- conf = configparser.ConfigParser()
- conf.read(configPath,encoding='utf-8')
-
-
- smtp_server = conf.get("email", "smtp_server")
-
- sender = conf.get("email", "sender")
-
- psw = conf.get("email", "psw")
-
- receiver = conf.get("email", "receiver")
-
- port = conf.get("email", "port")
-
- ip = conf.get("interface","ip")
-
- i_port = conf.get("interface","port")
优化:
部分接口访问时,响应未知用户,需要用session关联接口,先调用登录接口,把登录接口的调用封装成了一个实例方法,实现了复用,登录之后,登录接口的http响应会把session以 cookie的形式set到客户端,之后的接口都会使用此session去请求封装登录接口user_login.py
-
- #coding:utf-8
- import requests
- from common.logger import Log
-
- class Login():
- log = Log()
-
- def __init__(self,s):
- self.s = s
-
- def login(self,code,passwd):
- url = "http://192.168.20.100:8081/backend/system/user/login"
- headers = {"Content-Type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",
- "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/59.0.3071.104 Safari/537.36",
- "X-Requested-With":"XMLHttpRequest",
- "Cookie":"JSESSIONID=92D7FB4C7FB917B7D2E8DC429A63443F",
- "Connection":"keep-alive"
- }
- d = {"code":code,"passwd":passwd}
-
- res = self.s.post(url,headers=headers,data=d)
- result1 = res.text #字节输出
- self.log.info(u"调用登录方法,获取结果:%s"%result1)
- return res.json()
优化api_test.py中部分代码(红色部分为优化的代码)
1.在请求接口前首先调用登录接口2.加入执行用例的编号(p),每循环一次自增1
-
- #coding:utf-8
-
- import xlrd,os
- import requests
- from datetime import datetime
- from xlrd import xldate_as_tuple
- from config import readConfig
- from common.logger import Log
- from case.user_login import Login
-
- '''
- 获取测试用例data所在的目录
- '''
- d = os.path.dirname(__file__) #返回当前文件所在目录(common文件夹路径)
- parent_path = os.path.dirname(d) #返回common的父级目录
- data_path = os.path.join(parent_path,'data') #返回data所在目录
- data_path1 = os.listdir(data_path) #返回data目录下所有的文件
-
- s = requests.session()
- lon = Login(s)
- log = Log()
-
-
- def api_data():
- p = 1
- for filename in data_path1:
- book = xlrd.open_workbook(os.path.join(data_path,filename))
-
- '''
- 获取excel文件中接口信息
- '''
- table = book.sheet_by_index(0) #通过索引,获取相应的列表,这里表示获取excel的第一个列表
- inf_name = table.row_values(1)[0] #返回接口名称
- inf_address = table.row_values(1)[1] #返回接口地址
- inf_mode = table.row_values(1)[2] #返回请求方式
-
- '''
- 获取excel文件中测试用例信息
- '''
- sheet = book.sheet_by_index(1) #通过索引,获取相应的列表,这里表示获取excel的第二个列表
- nrows = sheet.nrows #获取所有行数
- filed = sheet.row_values(0)
- # print(filed)
-
- for i in range(1,nrows):
- d1 = {}
- for j in range(0,len(filed)-2):
- ctype = sheet.cell(i, j).ctype # 表格的数据类型
- cell = sheet.cell_value(i, j)
- d = {}
- if ctype == 2 and cell % 1 == 0: # 如果是整形
- cell = int(cell)
- elif ctype == 3:
- # 转成datetime对象
- date = datetime(*xldate_as_tuple(cell, 0))
- cell = date.strftime('%Y/%m/%d')
- elif ctype == 4:
- cell = True if cell == 1 else False
- # print(cell)
- d.update({filed[j]:cell})
- # print(d)
- d1.update(d)
- # print(d1)
-
- '''
- 获取excel文件中测试用例预期结果和描述
- '''
- a = []
- for k in range(len(filed)-2,len(filed)):
- ctype = sheet.cell(i, k).ctype # 表格的数据类型
- cell = sheet.cell_value(i, k)
- if ctype == 2 and cell % 1 == 0: # 如果是整形
- cell = int(cell)
- elif ctype == 3:
- # 转成datetime对象
- date = datetime(*xldate_as_tuple(cell, 0))
- cell = date.strftime('%Y/%m/%d')
- elif ctype == 4:
- cell = True if cell == 1 else False
- a.append(cell)
- # print(a[0])
- # print(type(a[0]))
-
- '''
- 获取cfg.ini配置文件中接口公共信息(ip和port)
- '''
- ip = readConfig.ip # 获取配置文件中接口ip
- i_port = readConfig.i_port # 获取配置文件中接口port
- url = "http://" + ip + ":" + i_port + inf_address
- headers = {
- "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; rv:44.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/44.0",
- "X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest",
- "Connection": "keep-alive"
- }
- par = d1
-
- '''
- 判断请求方式是GET还是POST,并且判断测试用例预期结果与实际响应一致,所有接口请求前先调用登录接口
- '''
- code = "xxx" #登录接口用户code
- passwd = "xxx" #登录接口用户passwd
- lon.login(code, passwd)
-
- if inf_mode == 'GET':
- r = s.get(url, params=par)
- result = r.json()
- log.info("编号:%s,接口名称:%s,测试点:%s,响应:%s"%(p,inf_name,a[1],str(result).replace('None','null')))
- # print(inf_name, str(result).replace('None','null'), a[1])
- if str(result).replace('None','null') == a[0]:
- log.info("pass")
- log.info("--------")
- else:
- log.info("false")
- log.info("--------")
- elif inf_mode == 'POST':
- r = s.post(url, data=par, headers=headers)
- result = r.json()
- log.info("编号:%s,接口名称:%s,测试点:%s,响应:%s" % (p, inf_name,a[1],str(result).replace('None', 'null')))
- # print(inf_name, str(result).replace('None', 'null'), a[1])
- if str(result).replace('None', 'null') == a[0]:
- log.info("pass")
- log.info("--------")
- else:
- log.info("false")
- log.info("--------")
-
- p=p+1
-
- api_data()
执行结果:

优化二:
excel中添加结果列,将每条用例的执行结果写入excel中,因为excel版本是2007以上,采用openpyxl模块去修改excel单元格的值,执行通过用绿色字体标注pass,执行不通过的用例红色字体标注false优化api_test.py中部分代码
-
- #coding:utf-8
-
- import xlrd,os
- import requests
- import openpyxl
- from openpyxl.styles import Font
- # from xlutils.copy import copy
- from datetime import datetime
- from xlrd import xldate_as_tuple
- from config import readConfig
- from common.logger import Log
- from case.user_login import Login
-
-
- '''
- 获取测试用例data所在的目录
- '''
- d = os.path.dirname(__file__) #返回当前文件所在目录(common文件夹路径)
- parent_path = os.path.dirname(d) #返回common的父级目录
- data_path = os.path.join(parent_path,'data') #返回data所在目录
- data_path1 = os.listdir(data_path) #返回data目录下所有的文件
-
- s = requests.session()
- lon = Login(s)
- log = Log()
-
-
- def api_data():
- p = 1
-
-
- for filename in data_path1:
- book = xlrd.open_workbook(os.path.join(data_path,filename))
-
- '''
- 使用xlwt操作excel,xlwt只支持excel2007以下版本
- '''
-
- # wb = copy(book)
- # ws = wb.get_sheet(1)
-
- '''
- 使用openpyxl操作excel,openpyxl支持excel2007以上版本
- '''
- wb = openpyxl.load_workbook(os.path.join(data_path,filename))
- ws = wb.worksheets[1]
- font_green = Font(color="37b400")
- font_red = Font(color="ff0000")
-
-
- '''
- 获取excel文件中接口信息
- '''
- table = book.sheet_by_index(0) #通过索引,获取相应的列表,这里表示获取excel的第一个列表
- inf_name = table.row_values(1)[0] #返回接口名称
- inf_address = table.row_values(1)[1] #返回接口地址
- inf_mode = table.row_values(1)[2] #返回请求方式
-
- '''
- 获取excel文件中测试用例信息
- '''
- sheet = book.sheet_by_index(1) #通过索引,获取相应的列表,这里表示获取excel的第二个列表
- nrows = sheet.nrows #获取所有行数
- ncols = sheet.ncols #获取所有列数
- filed = sheet.row_values(0)
- # print(filed)
-
- for i in range(1,nrows):
- d1 = {}
- for j in range(0,len(filed)-3):
- ctype = sheet.cell(i, j).ctype # 表格的数据类型
- cell = sheet.cell_value(i, j)
- d = {}
- if ctype == 2 and cell % 1 == 0: # 如果是整形
- cell = int(cell)
- elif ctype == 3:
- # 转成datetime对象
- date = datetime(*xldate_as_tuple(cell, 0))
- cell = date.strftime('%Y/%m/%d')
- elif ctype == 4:
- cell = True if cell == 1 else False
- # print(cell)
- d.update({filed[j]:cell})
- # print(d)
- d1.update(d)
- # print(d1)
-
- '''
- 获取excel文件中测试用例预期结果和描述
- '''
- a = []
- for k in range(len(filed)-3,len(filed)-1):
- ctype = sheet.cell(i, k).ctype # 表格的数据类型
- cell = sheet.cell_value(i, k)
- if ctype == 2 and cell % 1 == 0: # 如果是整形
- cell = int(cell)
- elif ctype == 3:
- # 转成datetime对象
- date = datetime(*xldate_as_tuple(cell, 0))
- cell = date.strftime('%Y/%m/%d')
- elif ctype == 4:
- cell = True if cell == 1 else False
- a.append(cell)
- # print(a[0])
- # print(type(a[0]))
-
- '''
- 获取cfg.ini配置文件中接口公共信息(ip和port)
- '''
- ip = readConfig.ip # 获取配置文件中接口ip
- i_port = readConfig.i_port # 获取配置文件中接口port
- url = "http://" + ip + ":" + i_port + inf_address
- headers = {
- "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; rv:44.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/44.0",
- "X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest",
- "Connection": "keep-alive"
- }
- par = d1
-
- '''
- 判断请求方式是GET还是POST,并且判断测试用例预期结果与实际响应一致,所有接口请求前先调用登录接口
- '''
- code = "xuxingan"
- passwd = "admin"
- lon.login(code, passwd)
-
-
-
- if inf_mode == 'GET':
- r = s.get(url, params=par)
- result = r.json()
- log.info("编号:%s,接口名称:%s,测试点:%s,响应:%s"%(p,inf_name,a[1],str(result).replace('None','null')))
- # print(inf_name, str(result).replace('None','null'), a[1])
- if str(result).replace('None','null') == a[0]:
- # ws.write(i,ncols-1,'pass'.encode('utf-8'))
- ws.cell(row=i+1,column=ncols,value='pass').font = font_green
- log.info("pass")
- log.info("--------")
- else:
- # ws.write(i,ncols-1,'false'.encode('utf-8'))
- ws.cell(row=i+1, column=ncols, value='false').font = font_red
- log.info("false")
- log.info("--------")
- elif inf_mode == 'POST':
- r = s.post(url, data=par, headers=headers)
- result = r.json()
- log.info("编号:%s,接口名称:%s,测试点:%s,响应:%s" % (p, inf_name,a[1],str(result).replace('None', 'null')))
- # print(inf_name, str(result).replace('None', 'null'), a[1])
- if str(result).replace('None', 'null') == a[0]:
- # ws.write(i,ncols-1,'pass'.encode('utf-8'))
- ws.cell(row=i+1, column=ncols, value='pass').font = font_green
- log.info("pass")
- log.info("--------")
- else:
- # ws.write(i,ncols-1,'false'.encode('utf-8'))
- ws.cell(row=i+1, column=ncols, value='false').font = font_red
- log.info("false")
- log.info("--------")
- wb.save(os.path.join(data_path, filename))
- p=p+1
-
-
- log.info("总计%s条用例"%p)
-
- api_data()
执行结果

总结:
第一个版本有点粗糙,1.后续加入将每条用例的执行结果写入测试用例excel文件 2.生成自动化测试报告
Python接口自动化测试零基础入门到精通(2023最新版)