大家好,今天给大家分享一下,动态内存的使用方法

- void func(void)
- {
- p = malloc(len);
- do_something(p);
- return; /*错误!退出程序时没有释放内存*/
- }
预防: 编写代码时malloc()和free()保证成对出现,避免忘记资源回收。
- int func(void)
- {
- p = malloc(len);
- if (condition)
- return -1; /*错误!退出程序时没有释放内存*/
- free(p);
- return 0;
- }
预防: 一旦使用动态内存分配,请仔细检查程序的退出分支是否已经释放该动态内存。
- void func(void)
- {
- p = malloc(len);
- val = *p++; /*错误!动态内存句柄不可移动*/
- free(p);
- }
预防: 千万不要修改动态内存句柄!可以另外赋值给其他指针变量,再对该动态内存进行访问操作。
- void func(void)
- {
- len = strlen(str);
- p = malloc(len);
- strcpy(p, str); /*错误!str的’\0’写到动态内存外*/
- }
预防: 分配内存前仔细思考长度是否足够,千万注意字符串拷贝占用内存比字符串长度大1。
尽管在开发过程中坚守原则和谨慎编程甚至严格测试,然而内存泄露的错误还是难以杜绝,如何让系统自动查出内存泄露的错误呢?
一种比较好的方法是建立日志块,即每次分配内存时记录该内存块的指针和大小,释放时再去除该日志块,如果有内存泄露就会有对应的日志块记录这些内存没有释放,这样就可以提醒程序员进行查错。
有了上述日志块操作函数,再来实现动态内存分配与释放函数就很容易了。只有当处于DEBUG版本和打开内存调试DMEM_DBG时才进行日志登录,否则MallocExt()和FreeExt()函数与malloc()和free()是等价的,这样保证了系统处于发布版本时的性能。
(代码已经过严格测试,但这不是盈利的商业代码,即没有版权。但如果因代码错误带来的任何损失作者具有免责权利)
首先定义日志块结构体:
- /* Log of dynamic memory usage */
- typedef struct _dmem_log
- {
- struct _dmem_log *p_stNext; /* Point to next log */
- const void *p_vDMem; /* Point to allocated memory by this pointer */
- INT32S iSize; /* Size of the allocated memory */
- } DMEM_LOG;
然后为该结构体开辟内存:
- static DMEM_LOG *s_pstFreeLog; /* Point to free log pool by this pointer */
- static INT8U s_byNumUsedLog;
- static DMEM_LOG *s_pstHeadLog; /* Point to used log chain by this pointer */
-
- /* Pool of dynamic memory log */
- #define NUM_DMEM_LOG 20
- static DMEM_LOG s_astDMemLog[NUM_DMEM_LOG];
下面是内存日志块的操作函数:初始化、插入日志和移除日志:
- /********************************************************** * Initialize DMem Log
- * Description : Initialize log of dynamic memory
- * Arguments : void
- * Returns : void
- * Notes :
- **********************************************************/
- static void InitDMemLog(void)
- {
- INT16S nCnt;
- /* Initialize pool of log */
- for (nCnt = 0; nCnt < NUM_DMEM_LOG; ++nCnt)
- {
- /* Point to next one */
- s_astDMemLog[nCnt].p_stNext = &s_astDMemLog[nCnt + 1];
- }
- s_astDMemLog[NUM_DMEM_LOG - 1].p_stNext = NULL;
- s_pstFreeLog = &s_astDMemLog[0]; /* Point to the 1th log */
- return;
- }
-
- /********************************************************** * Log DMem
- * Description : Join an allocated memory into log pool
- * Arguments : const void *p_vAddr point to address of this allocated memory by this pointer
- * INT32S iSize size of this allocated memory
- * Returns : void
- * Notes :
- **********************************************************/
- static void LogDMem(const void *p_vAddr, INT32S iSize)
- {
- ASSERT(p_vAddr && iSize > 0);
- DMEM_LOG *p_stLog;
- #if OS_CRITICAL_METHOD == 3
- OS_CPU_SR cpu_sr;
- #endif
-
- /* Get a log from free pool */
- OS_ENTER_CRITICAL(); /* Avoid race condition on s_pstFreeLog */
- if (!s_pstFreeLog)
- {
- OS_EXIT_CRITICAL();
- PRINTF("Allocate DMemLog failed.\r\n");
- return;
- }
- p_stLog = s_pstFreeLog;
- s_pstFreeLog = s_pstFreeLog->p_stNext;
- OS_EXIT_CRITICAL();
-
- /* Don't need to protect this log that is free one currently */
- p_stLog->p_vDMem = p_vAddr;
- p_stLog->iSize = iSize;
- /* Put this log into used chain */
- OS_ENTER_CRITICAL(); /* Avoid race condition */
- p_stLog->p_stNext = s_pstHeadLog;
- s_pstHeadLog = p_stLog;
- ++s_byNumUsedLog;
- OS_EXIT_CRITICAL();
-
- return;
- }
- /********************************************************** * Unlog DMem
- * Description : Remove an allocated memory from log pool
- * Arguments : const void *p_vAddr point to address of this allocated memory by this pointer
- * Returns : void
- * Notes :
- **********************************************************/
- static void UnlogDMem(const void *p_vAddr)
- {
- ASSERT(p_vAddr);
- DMEM_LOG *p_stLog, *p_stPrev;
- #if OS_CRITICAL_METHOD == 3
- OS_CPU_SR cpu_sr;
- #endif
- /* Search the log */
- OS_ENTER_CRITICAL(); /*Avoid race condition */
- p_stLog = p_stPrev = s_pstHeadLog;
- while (p_stLog)
- {
- if (p_vAddr == p_stLog->p_vDMem)
- {
- break; /* Have found */
- }
- p_stPrev = p_stLog;
- p_stLog = p_stLog->p_stNext; /* Move to next one */
- }
-
- if (!p_stLog)
- {
- OS_EXIT_CRITICAL();
- PRINTF("Search Log failed.\r\n");
- return;
- }
- /* Remove from used pool */
- if (p_stLog == s_pstHeadLog)
- {
- s_pstHeadLog = s_pstHeadLog->p_stNext;
- }
- else
- {
- p_stPrev->p_stNext = p_stLog->p_stNext;
- }
- --s_byNumUsedLog;
- OS_EXIT_CRITICAL();
- /* Don't need to protect this log that is free one currently */
- p_stLog->p_vDMem = NULL;
- p_stLog->iSize = 0;
-
- /* Add into free pool */
- OS_ENTER_CRITICAL(); /* Avoid race condition */
- p_stLog->p_stNext = s_pstFreeLog;
- s_pstFreeLog = p_stLog;
- OS_EXIT_CRITICAL();
-
- return;
- }
带日志记录功能的内存分配MallocExt()和内存释放FreeExt()函数:
- /*********************************************************
- * Malloc Extension
- * Description : Malloc a block of memory and log it if need
- * Arguments : INT32S iSize size of desired allocate memory
- * Returns: void *NULL= failed, otherwise=pointer of allocated memory
- * Notes :
- **********************************************************/
- void *MallocExt(INT32S iSize)
- {
- ASSERT(iSize > 0);
- void *p_vAddr;
-
- p_vAddr = malloc(iSize);
- if (!p_vAddr)
- {
- PRINTF("malloc failed at %s line %d.\r\n", __FILE__, __LINE__);
- }
- else
- {
- #if (DMEM_DBG && DBG_VER)
- memset(p_vAddr, 0xA3, iSize); /* Fill gargage for debug */
- LogDMem(p_vAddr, iSize); /* Log memory for debug */
- #endif
- }
-
- return p_vAddr;
- }
-
- /**********************************************************
- * Free Extension
- * Description : Free a block of memory and unlog it if need
- * Arguments : void * p_vMem point to the memory by this pointer
- * Returns : void
- * Notes :
- **********************************************************/
- void FreeExt(void *p_vMem)
- {
- ASSERT(p_vMem);
-
- free(p_vMem);
- #if (DMEM_DBG && DBG_VER)
- UnlogDMem(p_vMem); /* Remove memory from log */
- #endif
- return;
- }
-