• 路由器配置单区域（多区域）OSPF

    目录

    实验原理

    案例

    路由器配置单区域OSPF基本功能

    单区域总结

    路由器配置多区域OSPF基本功能

    多区域特点

    实验原理

             OSPF（Open Shortest Path First，开放最短路径优先）是互联网的标准协议，是为克服RIP的缺点而开发的。目前针对IPv4协议使用的 是OSPFv2。OSPF最主要的特征就是使用分布式的链路状态协议（Link State Protocol）。当链路状态发生变化时，OSPF路由器使用可靠的洪泛法 （Flooding）向本自治系统中所有路由器发送信息，发送的信息是与本 路由器相邻的所有路由器的链路状态，包括：本路由器与哪些路由器相邻，以及该链路的“度量”（Metric）等。

            由于一个路由器的链路状态只涉及到与相邻路由器的连通状态，而 与整个互联网的规模并无直接关系，因此当互联网规模很大时，OSPF 协议要比距离向量协议RIP好得多。

            所 有 的 路 由 器 都 维 护 一 个 链 路 状 态 数 据 库 （ Link State DataBase，LSDB），这个数据库实际上就是全网的拓扑结构图。这个拓扑结构图在全网范围内是一致的（这称为链路状态数据库的同步）。每一个路由器使用链路状态数据库中的数据，构造出自己的路由表（例如，使用Dijkstra的最短路径路由算法）。OSPF的链路状态数据库能较快地进行更新，使各个路由器能及时更新其路由表。OSPF 的更新过程 收敛得快，没有“坏消息传播得慢”的问题，不会产生路由环路。

            为了使 OSPF 能够用于规模很大的网络，OSPF 将一个自治系统再划分为若干个更小的范围，叫作区域（Area）。区域内的详细拓扑信息不向其他区域发送，区域间传递的是聚合的路由信息，而不是详细的描 述拓扑结构的链路状态信息，减少了整个网络上的通信量。每个区域都 有自己的LSDB，不同区域的LSDB是不同的。

            为了使每一个区域能够和本区域以外的区域进行通信，OSPF使用层次结构的区域划分，将区域分为两层，在上层的区域叫作主干区域 （Backbone Area），用于连通其他在下层的区域。主干区域的标识符规定为0.0.0.0。下层区域都通过主干区域实现区域之间的通信。在一 个采用OSPF的自治系统中，只能有一个主干区域。

            OSPF直接使用 IP 数据报传送 OSPF分组，协议号为 89。OSPF 有 五种类型的分组：Hello（问候）分组、DD（Database Description， 数据库描述）分组、LSR（Link State Request，链路状态请求）分 组、LSU（Link State Update，链路状态更新）分组和 LSA（Link State Acknowledgment，链路状态确认）分组。每个OSPF分组构成的数据报很短，不需要分片。

            此外，OSPF对不同的链路可根据IP分组的不同服务类型TOS而设置 成不同的代价。因此，OSPF 对于不同类型的业务可计算出不同的路 由。如果到同一个目的网络有多条相同代价的路径，那么可以将通信量 分配给这几条路径，实现多路径间的负载平衡。

            所有在 OSPF 路由器之间交换的分组都具有鉴别的功能。OSPF支持可变长度的子网划分和无分类编址CIDR。

            由于网络中的链路状态可能经常发生变化，因此OSPF让每一个链路状态都带上一个32位的序号，序号越大，状态就越新。

            对 于 多 点 接 入 的 局 域 网 ， OSPF协议采用了指定路由器（Designated Router）的方法，使广播的信息量大大减少。指定的路由器代表该局域网上所有的链路向连接到该网络上的各OSPF路由器发送状态信息。

    案例

    路由器配置单区域OSPF基本功能

    具体配置如下 

     配置路由器RTA

    1. <Huawei>sys
    2. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    3. [Huawei]sysname RTSA
    4. [RTSA]sysname RTA
    5. #配置连接计算机端口的ip地址
    6. [RTA]interface g0/0/2
    7. [RTA-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]ip address 10.1.10.1 24
    8. Sep 23 2023 10:35:40-08:00 RTA %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP
    9.  on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2 has entered the UP state. 
    10. [RTA-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]qu
    11. [RTA]undo info-center enable
    12. Info: Information center is disabled.
    13. [RTA]qu
    14. #配置连接路由器的端口的IP地址
    15. [RTA]int g0/0/0
    16. [RTA-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 172.16.101.1 24
    17. [RTA-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]qu

    配置路由器RTB

    1. <Huawei>sys
    2. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    3. [Huawei]sysname RTB
    4. [RTB]int g0/0/0
    5. [RTB-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 172.16.101.2 24
    6. Sep 23 2023 10:37:20-08:00 RTB %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP
    7.  on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state. 
    8. [RTB-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]qu
    9. [RTB]int g0/0/1
    10. [RTB-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 172.16.102.1 24
    11. Sep 23 2023 10:37:34-08:00 RTB %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP
    12.  on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state. 
    13. [RTB-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]qu

    配置路由器RTC

    1. <Huawei>sys
    2. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    3. [Huawei]sysname RTC
    4. [RTC]int g0/0/0
    5. [RTC-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 172.16.103.2 24
    6. Sep 23 2023 10:38:03-08:00 RTC %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP
    7.  on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state. 
    8. [RTC-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]	
    9. [RTC-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]qu
    10. [RTC]undo info-center enable
    11. Info: Information center is disabled.
    12. [RTC]int g0/0/1
    13. [RTC-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 172.16.102.2 24
    14. [RTC-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]qu

     配置路由器RTD

    1. <Huawei>sys
    2. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    3. [Huawei]sysname RTD
    4. [RTD]int g0/0/2
    5. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]ip address 11.1.50.1 24
    6. Sep 23 2023 10:40:24-08:00 RTD %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP
    7.  on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2 has entered the UP state. 
    8. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]qu
    9. [RTD]int g0/0/0
    10. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 172.16.103.1 24
    11. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
    12. Sep 23 2023 10:40:38-08:00 RTD %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP
    13.  on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state. 
    14. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]qu
    15. [RTD]

     配置各路由器的单区域OSPF基本功能

    1. <RTA>sys
    2. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    3. # 路由器的 Router ID是一台路由器在自治系统中的唯一标识，是一个 32 比特无符号整数，用点分十进制数表示。默认情况下，路由器系统会从当前接口的 IP 地址中自动选取一个最大值作为 Router ID。手动配置 Router ID时，必须保证自治系统中任意两台 Router ID都不相同。通常的做法是将RouterID配置为与该设备某个端口的 IP地址一致
    4. [RTA]router id 10.1.10.1
    5. Info: Router ID has been modified, please reset the relative protocols manually 
    6. to update the Router ID.
    7. #使能OSPF进程，指定OSPF进程为1，进程号取值范围是1~65535。默认值是1
    8. [RTA]ospf 1
    9. #创建区域，单区域只有一个主干区域。主干区域编号为0
    10. [RTA-ospf-1]area 0
    11. # 指定运行OSPE接口和接口所属区域
    12. # OSPF使用反掩码，例如0.0.0.255表示掩码长度为24位
    13. # 接口的 IP 地址掩码长度必须大于等于 network 命令中的掩码长度，且接口不带子网的 IP 地址必须在network命令指定的网段范围之内。
    14. # undo network命令用来删除运行OSPE协议的接口
    15. # 默认情况下，接口不属于任何区域。
    16. [RTA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 10.1.10.0 0.0.0.255
    17. [RTA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.101.0 0.0.0.255
    18. [RTA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]qu
    19. [RTA-ospf-1]qu
    20. [RTA]display IP routing-table
    21. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    22. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    23. Routing Tables: Public
    24.          Destinations : 10       Routes : 10       
    25.  
    26. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    27.  
    28.       10.1.10.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.10.1       GigabitEthernet
    29. 0/0/2
    30.       10.1.10.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    31. 0/0/2
    32.     10.1.10.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    33. 0/0/2
    34.       127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    35.       127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    36. 127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    37.    172.16.101.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   172.16.101.1    GigabitEthernet
    38. 0/0/0
    39.    172.16.101.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    40. 0/0/0
    41.  172.16.101.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    42. 0/0/0
    43. 255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    44.  
    45. [RTA]display IP routing-table protocol ospf
    46.  
    47. <RTB>sys
    48. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    49. [RTB]router id 172.16.101.2
    50. [RTB]ospf 1
    51. [RTB-ospf-1]area 0
    52. [RTB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.101.0 0.0.0.255
    53. [RTB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.102.0 0.0.0.255
    54. [RTB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]qu
    55. [RTB-ospf-1]qu
    56. [RTB]display IP routing-table
    57. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    58. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    59. Routing Tables: Public
    60.          Destinations : 11       Routes : 11       
    61.  
    62. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    63.  
    64.       10.1.10.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.101.1    GigabitEthernet
    65. 0/0/0
    66.       127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    67.       127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    68. 127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    69.    172.16.101.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   172.16.101.2    GigabitEthernet
    70. 0/0/0
    71.    172.16.101.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    72. 0/0/0
    73.  172.16.101.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    74. 0/0/0
    75.    172.16.102.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   172.16.102.1    GigabitEthernet
    76. 0/0/1
    77.    172.16.102.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    78. 0/0/1
    79.  172.16.102.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    80. 0/0/1
    81. 255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    82.  
    83. [RTB]display IP routing-table protocol ospf
    84. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    85. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    86. Public routing table : OSPF
    87.          Destinations : 1        Routes : 1        
    88.  
    89. OSPF routing table status : <Active>
    90.          Destinations : 1        Routes : 1
    91.  
    92. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    93.  
    94.       10.1.10.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.101.1    GigabitEthernet
    95. 0/0/0
    96.  
    97. OSPF routing table status : <Inactive>
    98.          Destinations : 0        Routes : 0
    99.  
    100.  
    101. <RTC>sys
    102. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    103. [RTC]router id 172.16.103.2
    104. Info: Router ID has been modified, please reset the relative protocols manually 
    105. to update the Router ID.
    106. [RTC]ospf 1
    107. [RTC-ospf-1]area 0
    108. [RTC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.102.0 0.0.0.255
    109. [RTC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.103.0 0.0.0.255
    110. [RTC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]qu
    111. [RTC-ospf-1]qu
    112. [RTC]display IP routing-table
    113. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    114. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    115. Routing Tables: Public
    116.          Destinations : 12       Routes : 12       
    117.  
    118. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    119.  
    120.       10.1.10.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   172.16.102.1    GigabitEthernet
    121. 0/0/1
    122.       127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    123.       127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    124. 127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    125.    172.16.101.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.102.1    GigabitEthernet
    126. 0/0/1
    127.    172.16.102.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   172.16.102.2    GigabitEthernet
    128. 0/0/1
    129.    172.16.102.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    130. 0/0/1
    131.  172.16.102.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    132. 0/0/1
    133.    172.16.103.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    134. 0/0/0
    135.    172.16.103.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    136. 0/0/0
    137.  172.16.103.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    138. 0/0/0
    139. 255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    140.  
    141. [RTC]display IP routing-table protocol ospf
    142. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    143. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    144. Public routing table : OSPF
    145.          Destinations : 2        Routes : 2        
    146.  
    147. OSPF routing table status : <Active>
    148.          Destinations : 2        Routes : 2
    149.  
    150. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    151.  
    152.       10.1.10.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   172.16.102.1    GigabitEthernet
    153. 0/0/1
    154.    172.16.101.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.102.1    GigabitEthernet
    155. 0/0/1
    156.  
    157. OSPF routing table status : <Inactive>
    158.          Destinations : 0        Routes : 0
    159.  
    160.  
    161. <RTD>sys
    162. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    163. [RTD]ospf 1
    164. [RTD-ospf-1]area 0
    165. [RTD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 11.1.50.0 0.0.0.255
    166. [RTD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.103.0 0.0.0.255
    167. [RTD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]qu
    168. [RTD-ospf-1]
    169. Sep 23 2023 11:18:11-08:00 RTD %%01OSPF/4/NBR_CHANGE_E(l)[0]:Neighbor changes ev
    170. ent: neighbor status changed. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=2.103.16.172, Neig
    171. hborEvent=HelloReceived, NeighborPreviousState=Down, NeighborCurrentState=Init) 
    172.  
    173. [RTD-ospf-1]
    174. Sep 23 2023 11:18:11-08:00 RTD %%01OSPF/4/NBR_CHANGE_E(l)[1]:Neighbor changes ev
    175. ent: neighbor status changed. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=2.103.16.172, Neig
    176. hborEvent=2WayReceived, NeighborPreviousState=Init, NeighborCurrentState=2Way) 
    177. [RTD-ospf-1]
    178. Sep 23 2023 11:18:11-08:00 RTD %%01OSPF/4/NBR_CHANGE_E(l)[2]:Neighbor changes ev
    179. ent: neighbor status changed. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=2.103.16.172, Neig
    180. hborEvent=AdjOk?, NeighborPreviousState=2Way, NeighborCurrentState=ExStart) 
    181. [RTD-ospf-1]
    182. Sep 23 2023 11:18:11-08:00 RTD %%01OSPF/4/NBR_CHANGE_E(l)[3]:Neighbor changes ev
    183. ent: neighbor status changed. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=2.103.16.172, Neig
    184. hborEvent=NegotiationDone, NeighborPreviousState=ExStart, NeighborCurrentState=E
    185. xchange) 
    186. [RTD-ospf-1]
    187. Sep 23 2023 11:18:11-08:00 RTD %%01OSPF/4/NBR_CHANGE_E(l)[4]:Neighbor changes ev
    188. ent: neighbor status changed. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=2.103.16.172, Neig
    189. hborEvent=ExchangeDone, NeighborPreviousState=Exchange, NeighborCurrentState=Loa
    190. ding) 
    191. [RTD-ospf-1]
    192. Sep 23 2023 11:18:11-08:00 RTD %%01OSPF/4/NBR_CHANGE_E(l)[5]:Neighbor changes ev
    193. ent: neighbor status changed. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=2.103.16.172, Neig
    194. hborEvent=LoadingDone, NeighborPreviousState=Loading, NeighborCurrentState=Full)
    195.  
    196. [RTD-ospf-1]qu
    197. [RTD]display IP routing-table
    198. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    199. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    200. Routing Tables: Public
    201.          Destinations : 13       Routes : 13       
    202.  
    203. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    204.  
    205.       10.1.10.0/24  OSPF    10   4           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    206. 0/0/0
    207.       11.1.50.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   11.1.50.1       GigabitEthernet
    208. 0/0/2
    209.       11.1.50.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    210. 0/0/2
    211.     11.1.50.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    212. 0/0/2
    213.       127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    214.       127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    215. 127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    216.    172.16.101.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    217. 0/0/0
    218.    172.16.102.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    219. 0/0/0
    220.    172.16.103.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   172.16.103.1    GigabitEthernet
    221. 0/0/0
    222.    172.16.103.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    223. 0/0/0
    224.  172.16.103.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    225. 0/0/0
    226. 255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    227.  
    228. [RTD]display IP routing-table protocol ospf
    229. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    230. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    231. Public routing table : OSPF
    232.          Destinations : 3        Routes : 3        
    233.  
    234. OSPF routing table status : <Active>
    235.          Destinations : 3        Routes : 3
    236.  
    237. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    238.  
    239.       10.1.10.0/24  OSPF    10   4           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    240. 0/0/0
    241.    172.16.101.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    242. 0/0/0
    243.    172.16.102.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    244. 0/0/0
    245.  
    246. OSPF routing table status : <Inactive>
    247.          Destinations : 0        Routes : 0

    可以通过以下命令查看配置结果

    # 查看OSPE 的概要信息
    display ospf brief
    display ospf 1 brief

    # 查看OSPE的接口信息
    display ospf interface all
    display ospf l interface gigabitethernet 0/0/0

    # 查看OSPE的链路状态数据库(LSDB)详细信息

    display ospf lsdb 

    display ospf 1 lsdb


    # 查看OSPE的链路状态数据库(LSDB)概要信息
    display ospf lsdb brief
    display ospf 1 lsdb brief


    # 查看OSPE链路状态数据库中 Router LSA的相关信息
    display ospf lsdb router
    display ospf 1 lsdb router


    # 查看OSPE链路状态数据库中 Network LSA的相关信息
    display ospf lsdb network 10.1.10.1
    display ospf 1 lsdb network 172.16.101.0


    # 查看 OSPE 中各区域邻居的详细信息
    display ospf peer


    # 查看 OSPE 中各区域邻居的概要信息
    display ospf l peer brief


    # 查看OSPE路由表的信息。
    display ospf routing
    display ospf 1 routing router-id 172.16.103.2

    # 查看路由器 IP路由表。
    display IP routing-table

    #查看路由器IP路由表中的OSPE路由
    displayIP routing-table protocol ospf

     PC端互ping结果如下

    1. PC>ping 11.1.50.11
    2.  
    3. Ping 11.1.50.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
    4. Request timeout!
    5. From 11.1.50.11: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=124 time=31 ms
    6. From 11.1.50.11: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=124 time=16 ms
    7. From 11.1.50.11: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=124 time=31 ms
    8. From 11.1.50.11: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=124 time=32 ms
    9.  
    10. --- 11.1.50.11 ping statistics ---
    11.   5 packet(s) transmitted
    12.   4 packet(s) received
    13.   20.00% packet loss
    14.   round-trip min/avg/max = 0/27/32 ms
    15.  
    16. PC>tracert 11.1.50.11
    17.  
    18. traceroute to 11.1.50.11, 8 hops max
    19. (ICMP), press Ctrl+C to stop
    20.  1  10.1.10.1   16 ms  15 ms  16 ms
    21.  2  172.16.101.2   16 ms  15 ms  16 ms
    22.  3  172.16.102.2   31 ms  16 ms  31 ms
    23.  4  172.16.103.1   16 ms  31 ms  31 ms
    24.  5  11.1.50.11   31 ms  16 ms  31 ms
    25.  
    26. PC>ping 10.1.10.11
    27.  
    28. Ping 10.1.10.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
    29. From 10.1.10.11: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=124 time=31 ms
    30. From 10.1.10.11: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=124 time=31 ms
    31. From 10.1.10.11: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=124 time=31 ms
    32. From 10.1.10.11: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=124 time=16 ms
    33. From 10.1.10.11: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=124 time=31 ms
    34.  
    35. --- 10.1.10.11 ping statistics ---
    36.   5 packet(s) transmitted
    37.   5 packet(s) received
    38.   0.00% packet loss
    39.   round-trip min/avg/max = 16/28/31 ms
    40.  
    41. PC>tracert 10.1.10.11
    42.  
    43. traceroute to 10.1.10.11, 8 hops max
    44. (ICMP), press Ctrl+C to stop
    45.  1  11.1.50.1   <1 ms  16 ms  15 ms
    46.  2  172.16.103.2   16 ms  16 ms  <1 ms
    47.  3  172.16.102.1   31 ms  15 ms  16 ms
    48.  4  172.16.101.1   16 ms  31 ms  31 ms
    49.  5  10.1.10.11   31 ms  16 ms  31 ms

    对RTB的g0/0/0端口抓包，可以看出

    1.ospf是通过IPv4协议进行分组的，使用的端口为89号端口

    2.使用组播地址作为目的地址（224.0.0.5）

     

    这里可以看他属于什么包，以及版本（version）

    这里可以看到包的信息

    关闭RTD的g0/0/0端口

    1. <RTD>sys
    2. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    3. [RTD]int g0/0/0
    4. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]shutdown
    5. Sep 23 2023 13:32:31-08:00 RTD %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[0]:Interface GigabitEther
    6. net0/0/0 has turned into DOWN state.
    7. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
    8. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
    9. Sep 23 2023 13:32:31-08:00 RTD %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP
    10.  on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the DOWN state. 
    11. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
    12. Sep 23 2023 13:32:31-08:00 RTD %%01OSPF/3/NBR_CHG_DOWN(l)[2]:Neighbor event:neig
    13. hbor state changed to Down. (ProcessId=256, NeighborAddress=2.103.16.172, Neighb
    14. orEvent=KillNbr, NeighborPreviousState=Full, NeighborCurrentState=Down) 
    15. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
    16. Sep 23 2023 13:32:31-08:00 RTD %%01OSPF/3/NBR_DOWN_REASON(l)[3]:Neighbor state l
    17. eaves full or changed to Down. (ProcessId=256, NeighborRouterId=2.103.16.172, Ne
    18. ighborAreaId=0, NeighborInterface=GigabitEthernet0/0/0,NeighborDownImmediate rea
    19. son=Neighbor Down Due to Kill Neighbor, NeighborDownPrimeReason=Physical Interfa
    20. ce State Change, NeighborChangeTime=2023-09-23 13:32:31-08:00) 
    21. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]

     在RTB的g0/0/0端口抓包，抓到了LSU,LSA

     LSU信息如下

    LSA信息如下 

    再次开启RTD的g0/0/0端口 

    1. <RTD>sys
    2. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    3. [RTD]int g0/0/0
    4. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown
    5. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
    6. Sep 23 2023 13:38:44-08:00 RTD %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[0]:Interface GigabitEther
    7. net0/0/0 has turned into UP state.
    8. [RTD-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
    9. Sep 23 2023 13:38:44-08:00 RTD %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP
    10.  on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.

     RTC的g0/0/0端口抓包信息如下

     DD信息如下

    LSR信息如下

    LSU信息如下

     LSA信息如下

    单区域总结

    •企业内网，如果仅仅配置一个区域，那必须是OSPF区域0，主干区域
    •OSPF进程号的作用是：在同一个额路由器上区分不同的OSPF协议，不同路由器上的进程号可以相同也可以不相同。
    •OSPF的Router-ID用于标识不同的路由器们必须确保全网唯一
    •OSPF Ruter-id最大特点：稳定。一旦确定，就无法修改，除非重启OSPF协议或者重启路由器

    路由器配置多区域OSPF基本功能

    OSPF区域的类型：

    • 骨干区域：area 0
    • 非骨干区域：
      • 普通区域
      • 特殊区域：Stub区域、完全Stub区域、NSSA区域、完全NSSA区域

    所有的非骨干区域，必须与骨干区域直接相连，否则区域之间无法互通

    来看下面的案例：

     在第一次配置的路由的基础上，配置多区域OSPF， 配置RTA

    1. <Huawei>sys
    2. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    3. [Huawei]sysname RTA
    4. [RTA]router id 10.1.10.1
    5. Info: Router ID has been modified, please reset the relative protocols manually 
    6. to update the Router ID.
    7. [RTA]ospf 1
    8. [RTA-ospf-1]area 1
    9. [RTA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]network 10.1.10.0 0.0.0.255
    10. [RTA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]network 172.16.101.0 0.0.0.255
    11. [RTA-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]qu
    12. [RTA-ospf-1]qu
    13.  
    14. #路由器都配置ospf后
    15. [RTA]display IP routing-table 
    16. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    17. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    18. Routing Tables: Public
    19.          Destinations : 13       Routes : 13       
    20.  
    21. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    22.  
    23.       10.1.10.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   10.1.10.1       GigabitEthernet
    24. 0/0/2
    25.       10.1.10.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    26. 0/0/2
    27.     10.1.10.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    28. 0/0/2
    29.       11.1.50.0/24  OSPF    10   4           D   172.16.101.2    GigabitEthernet
    30. 0/0/0
    31.       127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    32.       127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    33. 127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    34.    172.16.101.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   172.16.101.1    GigabitEthernet
    35. 0/0/0
    36.    172.16.101.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    37. 0/0/0
    38.  172.16.101.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    39. 0/0/0
    40.    172.16.102.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.101.2    GigabitEthernet
    41. 0/0/0
    42.    172.16.103.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   172.16.101.2    GigabitEthernet
    43. 0/0/0
    44. 255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    45.  
    46. [RTA]display IP routing-table protocol ospf
    47. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    48. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    49. Public routing table : OSPF
    50.          Destinations : 3        Routes : 3        
    51.  
    52. OSPF routing table status : <Active>
    53.          Destinations : 3        Routes : 3
    54.  
    55. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    56.  
    57.       11.1.50.0/24  OSPF    10   4           D   172.16.101.2    GigabitEthernet
    58. 0/0/0
    59.    172.16.102.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.101.2    GigabitEthernet
    60. 0/0/0
    61.    172.16.103.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   172.16.101.2    GigabitEthernet
    62. 0/0/0
    63.  
    64. OSPF routing table status : <Inactive>
    65.          Destinations : 0        Routes : 0

     配置RTB

    1. <Huawei>sys
    2. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    3. [Huawei]sysname RTB
    4. [RTB]router id 172.16.101.2
    5. Info: Router ID has been modified, please reset the relative protocols manually 
    6. to update the Router ID.
    7. [RTB]ospf 1
    8.  
    9. [RTB-ospf-1]area 0
    10. [RTB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.102.0 0.0.0.255
    11. [RTB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]qu
    12.  
    13. [RTB-ospf-1]area 1
    14. [RTB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]network 172.16.101.0 0.0.0.255
    15. [RTB-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.1]qu
    16. [RTB-ospf-1]qu
    17.  
    18. #路由器都配置ospf后
    19. [RTB]display IP routing-table
    20. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    21. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    22. Routing Tables: Public
    23.          Destinations : 13       Routes : 13       
    24.  
    25. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    26.  
    27.       10.1.10.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.101.1    GigabitEthernet
    28. 0/0/0
    29.       11.1.50.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   172.16.102.2    GigabitEthernet
    30. 0/0/1
    31.       127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    32.       127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    33. 127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    34.    172.16.101.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   172.16.101.2    GigabitEthernet
    35. 0/0/0
    36.    172.16.101.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    37. 0/0/0
    38.  172.16.101.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    39. 0/0/0
    40.    172.16.102.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   172.16.102.1    GigabitEthernet
    41. 0/0/1
    42.    172.16.102.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    43. 0/0/1
    44.  172.16.102.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    45. 0/0/1
    46.    172.16.103.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.102.2    GigabitEthernet
    47. 0/0/1
    48. 255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    49.  
    50.  
    51. [RTB]display IP routing-table protocol ospf
    52. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    53. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    54. Public routing table : OSPF
    55.          Destinations : 3        Routes : 3        
    56.  
    57. OSPF routing table status : <Active>
    58.          Destinations : 3        Routes : 3
    59.  
    60. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    61.  
    62.       10.1.10.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.101.1    GigabitEthernet
    63. 0/0/0
    64.       11.1.50.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   172.16.102.2    GigabitEthernet
    65. 0/0/1
    66.    172.16.103.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.102.2    GigabitEthernet
    67. 0/0/1
    68.  
    69. OSPF routing table status : <Inactive>
    70.          Destinations : 0        Routes : 0

     配置RTC

    1. <Huawei>sys
    2. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    3. [Huawei]sysname RTC
    4. [RTC]router id 172.16.103.2
    5. Info: Router ID has been modified, please reset the relative protocols manually 
    6. to update the Router ID.
    7. [RTC]ospf 1
    8.  
    9. [RTC-ospf-1]area 0
    10. [RTC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.102.0 0.0.0.255
    11. [RTC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]qu
    12.  
    13. [RTC-ospf-1]area 2
    14. [RTC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.2]network 172.16.103.0 0.0.0.255
    15. [RTC-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.2]qu
    16. [RTC-ospf-1]qu
    17. [RTC]
    18.  
    19. #各路由器都配置ospf后
    20. [RTC]display IP routing-table
    21. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    22. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    23. Routing Tables: Public
    24.          Destinations : 13       Routes : 13       
    25.  
    26. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    27.  
    28.       10.1.10.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   172.16.102.1    GigabitEthernet
    29. 0/0/1
    30.       11.1.50.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.103.1    GigabitEthernet
    31. 0/0/0
    32.       127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    33.       127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    34. 127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    35.    172.16.101.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.102.1    GigabitEthernet
    36. 0/0/1
    37.    172.16.102.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   172.16.102.2    GigabitEthernet
    38. 0/0/1
    39.    172.16.102.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    40. 0/0/1
    41.  172.16.102.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    42. 0/0/1
    43.    172.16.103.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    44. 0/0/0
    45.    172.16.103.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    46. 0/0/0
    47.  172.16.103.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    48. 0/0/0
    49. 255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    50.  
    51. [RTC]display IP routing-table protocol ospf
    52. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    53. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    54. Public routing table : OSPF
    55.          Destinations : 3        Routes : 3        
    56.  
    57. OSPF routing table status : <Active>
    58.          Destinations : 3        Routes : 3
    59.  
    60. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    61.  
    62.       10.1.10.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   172.16.102.1    GigabitEthernet
    63. 0/0/1
    64.       11.1.50.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.103.1    GigabitEthernet
    65. 0/0/0
    66.    172.16.101.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.102.1    GigabitEthernet
    67. 0/0/1
    68.  
    69. OSPF routing table status : <Inactive>
    70.          Destinations : 0        Routes : 0

     配置RTD

    1. <Huawei>sys
    2. Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
    3. [Huawei]sysname RTD
    4. [RTD]router id 11.1.50.1
    5. Info: Router ID has been modified, please reset the relative protocols manually 
    6. to update the Router ID.
    7. [RTD]ospf 1
    8.  
    9. [RTD-ospf-1]area 2
    10. [RTD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.2]network 11.1.50.0 0.0.0.255
    11. [RTD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.2]network 172.16.103.0 0.0.0.255
    12. [RTD-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.2]qu
    13. [RTD-ospf-1]qu
    14. [RTD]
    15.  
    16. [RTD]display IP routing-table
    17. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    18. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    19. Routing Tables: Public
    20.          Destinations : 13       Routes : 13       
    21.  
    22. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    23.  
    24.       10.1.10.0/24  OSPF    10   4           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    25. 0/0/0
    26.       11.1.50.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   11.1.50.1       GigabitEthernet
    27. 0/0/2
    28.       11.1.50.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    29. 0/0/2
    30.     11.1.50.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    31. 0/0/2
    32.       127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    33.       127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    34. 127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    35.    172.16.101.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    36. 0/0/0
    37.    172.16.102.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    38. 0/0/0
    39.    172.16.103.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   172.16.103.1    GigabitEthernet
    40. 0/0/0
    41.    172.16.103.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    42. 0/0/0
    43.  172.16.103.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
    44. 0/0/0
    45. 255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    46.  
    47. [RTD]display IP routing-table protocol ospf
    48. Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
    49. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    50. Public routing table : OSPF
    51.          Destinations : 3        Routes : 3        
    52.  
    53. OSPF routing table status : <Active>
    54.          Destinations : 3        Routes : 3
    55.  
    56. Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface
    57.  
    58.       10.1.10.0/24  OSPF    10   4           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    59. 0/0/0
    60.    172.16.101.0/24  OSPF    10   3           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    61. 0/0/0
    62.    172.16.102.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   172.16.103.2    GigabitEthernet
    63. 0/0/0
    64.  
    65. OSPF routing table status : <Inactive>
    66.          Destinations : 0        Routes : 0

     可以用以下命令查看配置结果

    # 查看OSPE的概要信息。
    displayospf brief
    display ospf l brief


    # 查看OSPE的接口信息。
    displayospf interface all
    display ospf interface gigabitethernet 0/0/0


    #查看OSPE的链路状态数据库(LSDB)详细信息。
    display ospf lsdb
    display ospf 1lsdb


    # 查看 OSPE的链路状态数据库(LSDB)概要信息
    display ospf lsdb brief
    displayospf1 lsdb brief


    # 查看OSPE链路状态数据库中 Router LSA的相关信息
    display ospf lsdb router
    display ospf 1 lsdb router


    # 查看OSPE链路状态数据库中Network LSA的相关信息
    display ospf lsdb network 10.1.10.1
    display ospf 1 lsdb network 172.16.101.0


    # 查看OSPE 中各区域邻居的详细信息
    display ospf peer


    #查看OSPE 中各区域邻居的概要信息
    display ospf l peer brief


    # 查看OSPE路由表的信息。
    display ospf routing
    display ospf l routing router-id 172.16.103.2


    #查看路由器IP路由表。
    display IP routing-table


    # 查看路由器 IP路由表中的OSPE路由
    display IP routing-table protocol ospf 

    两个PC互ping 

    1. PC>ping 11.1.50.1
    2.  
    3. Ping 11.1.50.1: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
    4. From 11.1.50.1: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=252 time=47 ms
    5. From 11.1.50.1: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=252 time=31 ms
    6. From 11.1.50.1: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=252 time=47 ms
    7. From 11.1.50.1: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=252 time=31 ms
    8. From 11.1.50.1: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=252 time=32 ms
    9.  
    10. --- 11.1.50.1 ping statistics ---
    11.   5 packet(s) transmitted
    12.   5 packet(s) received
    13.   0.00% packet loss
    14.   round-trip min/avg/max = 31/37/47 ms
    15.  
    16. PC>tracert 11.1.50.11
    17.  
    18. traceroute to 11.1.50.11, 8 hops max
    19. (ICMP), press Ctrl+C to stop
    20.  1  10.1.10.1   16 ms  <1 ms  15 ms
    21.  2  172.16.101.2   16 ms  <1 ms  16 ms
    22.  3  172.16.102.2   31 ms  15 ms  16 ms
    23.  4  172.16.103.1   31 ms  32 ms  15 ms
    24.  5  11.1.50.11   31 ms  32 ms  15 ms
    25.  
    26. Ping 10.1.10.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
    27. From 10.1.10.11: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=124 time=31 ms
    28. From 10.1.10.11: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=124 time=31 ms
    29. From 10.1.10.11: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=124 time=32 ms
    30. From 10.1.10.11: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=124 time=31 ms
    31. From 10.1.10.11: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=124 time=31 ms
    32.  
    33. --- 10.1.10.11 ping statistics ---
    34.   5 packet(s) transmitted
    35.   5 packet(s) received
    36.   0.00% packet loss
    37.   round-trip min/avg/max = 31/31/32 ms
    38.  
    39. PC>tracert 10.1.10.11
    40.  
    41. traceroute to 10.1.10.11, 8 hops max
    42. (ICMP), press Ctrl+C to stop
    43.  1  11.1.50.1   15 ms  <1 ms  16 ms
    44.  2  172.16.103.2   15 ms  16 ms  <1 ms
    45.  3  172.16.102.1   31 ms  16 ms  31 ms
    46.  4  172.16.101.1   16 ms  31 ms  16 ms
    47.  5  10.1.10.11   31 ms  31 ms  16 ms

    跟上个实验一样，关闭RTD的g0/0/0端口，对RTB的g0/0/0端口进行抓包，可以看到ospf的包明显增多了(LSU,LSA,DD)，因为在单区域抓包中，主要捕获到区域内的报文，包括网络、路由器和链路状态信息。而在多区域抓包中，会捕获到 ABR（区域边界路由器） 之间交换的报文，这些报文包含了不同区域之间的路由信息和汇总信息。

    开启RTC的g0/0/0端口 ，对RTC的g0/0/0端口进行抓包

    可以注意到一点，多区域ospf响应要比单区域慢一些，这是因为 多区域OSPF 使用了洪泛（flooding）机制来传播 LSA 更新信息，每个路由器都需要将 LSA 发送给它的邻居，然后邻居再将其转发给它们的邻居，以此类推，直到 LSA 到达整个网络。

    以下是RTB的g0/0/0端口的抓包，这里可以比较清楚的看到ospf的更新机制

    1.DR使用LSA包回复发生变化的路由器，并使用组播地址224.0.0.5向其他路由器发送LSU包泛洪，每一个收到泛洪的路由器使用LSA包回复DR。

    注：如果一个路由器被连接到其他网络，它便转发LSU泛洪分组给这个网络的DR，DR再转发到这个网络中的其他路由器。

    2.收到LSU更新包的路由器，更新自己的链路状态数据库（LSDB），并通过最短生成树算法计算出最短路径更新到路由表。

    多区域特点

    1.ospf多区域通过划分不同的区域，实现了对每个区域进行独立的配置和管理。

    2.OSPF 多区域允许跨区域进行路由，通过主干区域将不同区域连接起来。这样可以实现更高效的路径选择和数据流转发。

    3.如果某个区域发生故障，其他区域仍然可以正常工作，提高了整个网络的可用性和容错性。

    如果佬们发现什么错误或者有抓包的更多细节，请不吝赐教，感谢佬们！！💝💝💝

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  • 原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_69884785/article/details/133199991