代码随想录算法训练营Day50 | 动态规划(11/17) LeetCode 123.买卖股票的最佳时机III 188.买卖股票的最佳时机IV

继续股票买卖的练习，但是今天难度比较高，LeetCode上也标注了是Hard。

第一题

123. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III

You are given an array prices where prices[i] is the price of a given stock on the ith day.

Find the maximum profit you can achieve. You may complete at most two transactions.

Note: You may not engage in multiple transactions simultaneously (i.e., you must sell the stock before you buy again).

虽然卖股票的次数从一次变成了两次，但比之前难了不少。一天可以选择不卖，也能选择卖一个或是两个，选择更加多样。

在选择递推公式的时候，达到dp[i][1]状态，有两个具体操作：

• 操作一：第i天买入股票了，那么dp[i][1] = dp[i-1][0] - prices[i]
• 操作二：第i天没有操作，而是沿用前一天买入的状态，即：dp[i][1] = dp[i - 1][1]

那么dp[i][1]究竟选 dp[i-1][0] - prices[i]，还是dp[i - 1][1]呢？

一定是选最大的，所以 dp[i][1] = max(dp[i-1][0] - prices[i], dp[i - 1][1]);

同理dp[i][2]也有两个操作：

• 操作一：第i天卖出股票了，那么dp[i][2] = dp[i - 1][1] + prices[i]
• 操作二：第i天没有操作，沿用前一天卖出股票的状态，即：dp[i][2] = dp[i - 1][2]

所以dp[i][2] = max(dp[i - 1][1] + prices[i], dp[i - 1][2])

同理可推出剩下状态部分：

dp[i][3] = max(dp[i - 1][3], dp[i - 1][2] - prices[i]);

dp[i][4] = max(dp[i - 1][4], dp[i - 1][3] + prices[i]);

class Solution:
    def maxProfit(self, prices: List[int]) -> int:
        if len(prices) == 0:
            return 0
        dp = [[0] * 5 for _ in range(len(prices))]
        dp[0][1] = -prices[0]
        dp[0][3] = -prices[0]
        for i in range(1, len(prices)):
            dp[i][0] = dp[i-1][0]
            dp[i][1] = max(dp[i-1][1], dp[i-1][0] - prices[i])
            dp[i][2] = max(dp[i-1][2], dp[i-1][1] + prices[i])
            dp[i][3] = max(dp[i-1][3], dp[i-1][2] - prices[i])
            dp[i][4] = max(dp[i-1][4], dp[i-1][3] + prices[i])
        return dp[-1][4]

第二题

 188. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV

You are given an integer array prices where prices[i] is the price of a given stock on the ith day, and an integer k.

Find the maximum profit you can achieve. You may complete at most k transactions: i.e. you may buy at most k times and sell at most k times.

Note: You may not engage in multiple transactions simultaneously (i.e., you must sell the stock before you buy again).

和前面的题相比，限制了交易次数。在二维递推数组中，可以发现，

除了0以外，偶数就是卖出，奇数就是买入。

题目要求是至多有K笔交易，那么j的范围就定义为 2 * k + 1 就可以了。

class Solution:
    def maxProfit(self, k: int, prices: List[int]) -> int:
        if len(prices) == 0:
            return 0
        dp = [[0] * (2*k+1) for _ in range(len(prices))]
        for j in range(1, 2*k, 2):
            dp[0][j] = -prices[0]
        for i in range(1, len(prices)):
            for j in range(0, 2*k-1, 2):
                dp[i][j+1] = max(dp[i-1][j+1], dp[i-1][j] - prices[i])
                dp[i][j+2] = max(dp[i-1][j+2], dp[i-1][j+1] + prices[i])
        return dp[-1][2*k]