英语语法汇总（15.句子）

15.句子

概述

• 主语和谓语动词以及其他附加成分组成。句子的主语和谓语动词以及其他附加成分组成
  • they arrived
• 由一个单词构成的阿或缩略的话同样也是完整的意义

简单句

• 只有一个谓语

  • I went to the theatre

• 简单句分5个部分，主语，谓语，宾语或表语，补语，状语。状语可以放在句尾，句中或句首

  • I enjoyed the film yesterday (主谓宾状)
  • the old man is called David(主谓补)
  • they appointed him chairman（主谓宾补语）
  • Libraries made education possible(主谓宾补)

• and ,but, both…and 等冰雷主，谓语，宾语的形式

  • the boss and I are flying to Paris

• 状语使用频繁和最富辩护啊，语言形象生动

  • In those days he were welcome everywhere

• 同位语，对说明的词解释

  • he, who is my friend

• 五种基本句型

- 主+动

- My head aches
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- 主+动+主语补足语

- 主语补足语通常出现再被动语态中，当还原为主动语态时，主语补足语则变成宾语补足语

  He was made President of the USA
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- 主语+动词+直接宾语

- My sister enjoyed the play
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- 主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

- 直接和间接宾语为双宾语，直接宾语一般表示物，而间接宾语表示人，通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后
  - the firm gave me a watch
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- 主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语

- they made Sam chairman
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并列句

• 并列连词，and,but,so,yet等，分号或分号后跟一个并列连接副词， however,all等，将两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成

  • 用并列连词连接
    • you can wait here and I’ll get the car
  • 用分号连接
    • we fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing
  • 分号后再连接副词
    • We fished all day; however, we didn’t catch a thing

复合句

• 通常用从属连词，如if/unless,because 等
  • the alarm was raised as soon as the fire was discovered
• 复合句分三个类型

- 状语从句

- However hard I try, I can't remember people's names
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- 名词性从句

- he told me that the match had been cancelled
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- 定语从句

- the big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged
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状语从句

• 状语从句在句子说明事情发生的时间，地点，原因，方式，结果，目的等, 用相关的从属连词引导

  • As soon as the sun set we returned to our hotel

- 时间状语从句

• when引导的时间状语，after, as soon as, before, by the time, once ,since, until等

  时间状语从句中，通常用现在时表示将来时。after, as soon as ,before, by the time等一般不用将来时，而用现在时；不用将来时，用现在完成时

  • As soon as the rain stops, we shall go out
  • the moment he arrives, I shall let you know

- 地点状语从句

• where的问题，wherever, anywhere等连词引导、地点状语从句一般在主语之后
  • you can’t go where the war happened

- 方式状语

• how引导，用as，in the way引导。方式状语从句一般置于主句之后
  • be, act, appear,behave,sound等
  • it feels as if it’s going to rain

- 原因状语从句

• why引导，because，as, seeing that, since,for等引导
  • As you couldn’t completed the task, the result is bad

- 条件状语

• 条件状语从句表示动作发生的条件，通常由连词if，on condition that , unless, as/so long as 等引导
  • if he is out, I’ll call tomorrow
• 条件状语从句就功能而言分为两个基本类型，真实条件和非真实条件（虚拟条件句）。if所引导到的条件句如果反映的是可能发生的事件，为真实条件句。如果反映的不可能发生的事件，为非真实条件句
  • If I lose my job, I will go abroad
• 非真实条件，从句谈论想象的情况，主句则推测想象的结果，动词用过去式
  • If you went to the exhibition you would enjoy it

- 让步状语

• 让步状语从句含有句子对比的意义，although ,considering…that, though/as, even if等
  • Although I felt sorry for him, I was secretly pleased
• Although 和 though作为从属连词用法基本相同，但两个词在具体使用中需要注意
  • though 用于正式的口语或书面语，although 用于各种文体
    • Although the factory is small, its products are of very good quality
  • though 可作副词用在句尾，表“然而，不过”，although不能使用
    • It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though
  • although though不能和表转折的并列连词but等连用，但可以用yet, still,nevertheless等副词对主句的内容进行强调
    • Though the water is deep, yet it is clear
  • though可以和as引导倒装形式的让步状语，但although不可以
    • young though/as she is ,she knows a lot about English
  • 带ever的复合词whatever,whoever等可作连词引导让步状语从句，不管什么，等于no matter +疑问词
    • However(no matter how) brilliant you are, you can’t know everything
• as可以引导让步状语从句
  • 主语补语+as+主语+系动词+主语
    • Cold a it was(Although it was so cold ),we went out
  • 谓语动词是实义动词，该动词由副词修饰是，从句为“动词原形或副词+as+主语”
    • Fast as your read, you can’t finish the book in two days

- 目的状语

• so that/in order that , in case, for fear
  • I’ve arrived early so that I can get a seat
• so as to /in order to 不是连词，不能引导从句。so that ，in order that 从属连词，引导从句作目的状语
  • I went to live in France so as to learn French
• 当主句中为现在时，现在完成时或将来时，so that, in order that 后面的从句谓语跟may/can/will
  • I’ve arrived early so that I may get a good view of the procession
• 当主句中为过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，so that, in order that 后面的从句谓语跟should/might/could/would

- 结果状语

• 从句描述主句动作的结果，由so+形容词/副词+that，such…that,以及such a…that…。such后面跟名词，由that引导的结果状语从句，that可以省略
  • we were so angry that we asked to see the manager
• 表强调，so+形容词位于句首
  • so rapid is the rate of progress in the project
• so引导的从句由以下4种方式
  • so +形容词/副词+that
  • so+形容词+a+单数名词+that
  • so+动词+that
  • so many/few/much/little+复数名词/不可数名词+that

名词性从句

• 起名词作用，用作主语，宾语，表语以及同位语

• 功能上定义为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句

  • I know that the match will be cancelled（宾语从句）
  • That the match will be cancelled is now certain(主语从句)

- 主语从句

• 由which，who,that, what,when，where，whether等引导，在句子中充当主语
  • whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up
  • the money doesn’t grow on trees should be obvious
• 主语部分占据了太大的空间，显得头重脚轻，用it作先行主语再接主语从句
  • It’s known/said /形容词等+that结构
    • It has been said that everyone lives by selling something

- 宾语从句

• 名词性从句作宾语时，前面的that经常被省略，特别时非正式文体中
  • Everyone knows (that)money doesn’t grow on trees
• 在许多动词（believe, know, think)之后that经常可以省略，但在某些动词之后，一般需要用that；that引导的从句与动词隔开时，that一般不可以省略。当宾语从句出现并列现象时，第一个宾语从句可以省略that，第二个宾语从句中that不可以省略; that 从句不能放在介词之后
  • he boasted about his success= he boasted that he was successful
• 虽然从属连词whether和if的意义完全相同。但有界限
  • if引导宾语从句时与whether一样，可以互换
    • Everyone doesn’t know if/whether he could finish his job in time
  • 当引导的名词性从句在句子中作主语时，必须使用whether而不能使用if
    • whether he has signed the contract (or not) doesn’t matter
  • 引导名词性从句在动词be后作表语或在介词后做宾语，必须使用whether不能使用if
    • the problem is whether he has signed the contract
• 在描述感情的形容词，afraid，glad,happy等之后的名词性从句也定义为宾语从句
  • I’m afraid that we’ve sold out of the tickets

- 同位语从句

• fact,idea,news等词后的名词性从句通常是同位语从句

• 同位语从句中的that不能省略，不做任何成分，对修饰的词具有解释作用

  • the fact that his proposal makes sense should be recognized

定语从句

• 由关系代词（who, whom, which, that,whose)关系副词（where, when,why)等引导，形式分为两种，限制性定语从句和非限制定语从句

- 限制性定语从句

- 对中心词起修饰作用，不能省略，所修饰词之间没有逗号隔开
  - the government which promise to cut taxes
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- 非限制定语从句

- 提供补充性信息，对中心词起修饰作用，可以省略，所修饰词之间有逗号隔开
  - the government , which promises to cut taxes, will be  popular
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• 定语从句中关系代词和关系副词使用严格的界限

  • that(指人或物，在从句中充当主语或宾语)，who(指人，在从句中充当主语)，whom(指人，在从句中充当宾语)，which（指物或修饰整个句子），whose(所指对象不限，在从句中充当定语或宾语)；关系副词（where【地点】, when【时间】,why【原因】)等

    • 代替人的关系代词，who,whom和that，以及所有格whose，不要把关系代词that和从属连词that混淆

      • he is the man(who/whom/that) I met

    • 代替事物或动物的都干系代词有which和that,不管其中心词是单数或复数，不受局限

      • this is the photo which /that shows my house
      • this is the cat which/that caught the mouse

    • 在非限制定语从句中，必须用which，不能用that

      • the river, which is now clean enough to swim in

    • whose作为关系代词能代替人和物，在从句中充当定语

      • he is the man whose car was stolen

    • 在非限制性定语从句中代替人时，不能用that，必须用whom

      • the author, whom(who) I met at a party last week

    • 关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，只能使用whom和which，指代人的关系代词whom不能用who或that代替

      • she is the woman to whom I gave the money= she is the woman whom/who I gave the money to
      • 非正式文体中可以省略关系词，只限于定语从句中
        • she is the woman I gave the money to
      • 指代事物，动物的关系词作介词的宾语时，只能用which而不能和that换用，不能省略
        • this is the pan in which I boiled the milk= this is the pan(that/which) I boiled the milk in

• 表时间，地点，原因等非限制性定语从句，使用关系副词，when,where和why,关系副词在定语从句中作状语

  • My success in business, the reason why(for which)he dislikes me,has been due to hard work

• 不管先行词是表人或物，只用来指定他的关系代词，即在剧中不作状语，就用that，而不用which，who，whom

  • 当先行词为不定代词或序数词

    • All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye

  • 先行词含有形容词最高级的名词时

    • It’s the sillest argument that I’ve ever heard

  • 当主语以who或which开头的疑问句时，为避免重复，既不能使用who也不能使用which，只用that

    • who is the man that is standing in front of the flag?

    • 在非限制性定语从句中，可以用复杂的介词加关系代词的形式

      • the treasure, some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum

• 所有的关系词中as的用法最为特殊，有三种

  • 当从句的先行词前有such,the same时， 必须使用as
    • I haven’t seen such a good painting as you described just now
  • as可以像which一样引导一个定语从句修饰整个先行主句，而不是某个单词，“正如，正像”
    • Taiwan belongs to China, as is known
  • as时关系词中唯一置于句首的关系词
    • As is known, Taiwan belongs to China