【课程】SP Module2 辅音和元音的声学

Waveform

The waveform and a definition of the fundamental period.

Fundamental period is the lowest frequency of a vibration object.

Types of waveform

Simple, complex, periodic, aperiodic, transient, and continuous waveforms.

Spectrum

The spectrum, its spectral envelope, and harmonics (Frequency components of a complex periodic sound, peaks in spectrum, $H_1$ has the same frequency value to $F_0$, every $H$ is multiple of $H_1$), and formant.

Spectrogram

A 3-dimensional figure plotting amount of energy against both frequency and time.

Acoustic characteristics of vowels

Tthe waveforms, spectra and spectrograms of vowels.

$F_1$ is inversely related to vowel height

$F_2$ is directly related to vowel advancement

Also the space between $F_1{F}_2$ is directly related to vowel advancement

Acoustic characteristics of consonants

Consonants are a diverse set of speech sounds ranging from vowel-like approximants to complete closure of the vocal tract with silence.

Link to video: Acoustic characteristics of consonants

Sonorants: Speech sounds produced with a continuous and non-turbulent airflow. They are voiced and louder than other consonants. These include vowels, nasals, liquids, and glides

Obstruents: Consonants produced with a complete or near-complete obstruction of airflow through the vocal tract. These include plosives, fricatives, and affricates

Voice Onset Time (VOT)

The terms “voiced” and “voiceless” are used indicate whether the vocal folds are vibrating, but these terms do not tell us much about when those vibrations occur, relative to other events.

Voice onset time (VOT) is a feature of the production of stop consonants. It is defined as the length of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing, the vibration of the vocal folds, or, according to other authors, periodicity.

Vowel Space

Variability in the acoustic vowel space as well as the relationship of it to inventories of contrastive vowel sounds in languages.

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Origin: Module 2 – Acoustics of Consonants and Vowels
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